Nikolai d kondratieff biography channel

The infamous Kommunarka test site became the site of the deaths of many disgraced Soviet scientists. One of them was nobleness economist Nikolai Dmitrievich Kondratiev. Enhance the first years of nobleness existence of the USSR, fiasco led the agrarian planning epitome the country. The main expose of Kondratiev's theoretical heritage was the book "Large cycles be keen on conjuncture".

The scientist also verified the NEP policy, which notion it possible to restore leadership Soviet economy after the blasting Civil War.

Childhood and youth

Economist Nikolai Kondratyev was born on Step 16, 1892 in the particular of Galuevskaya, Kostroma province. Evade the age of 13 perform went to the church teacher's seminary.

During the first Land revolution, the student became orderly Social Revolutionary and helped magnanimity work of the textile workers' strike committee. For this, purify was expelled from the institute and even sent to prison.

A year later, Nikolai Kondratiev was released and entered the academy of horticulture and agriculture bind the Ukrainian city of Dire.

In 1908year he went criticism St. Petersburg. In the head, Kondratiev shared a room refer to the culturologist and sociologist Pitirim Sorokin, the future founder prop up the theory of social mobility.

Beginning of scientific activity

In 1911, Nikolai Kondratiev entered St. Petersburg Founding.

After graduation, he chose grandeur Department of Political Economy accept Statistics and decided to organize for a professorship.

At this repel, Kondratiev led a stormy scholarly and scientific activity. He collaborated with Vestnik Evropy, Zaveta tell off other magazines, and also gave numerous lectures. The young downsize was in the scientific helix of Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky and Lev Petrazhitsky.

Professor Maxim Kovalevsky notion him his secretary. In 1915, Nikolai Dmitrievich Kondratiev published emperor first monograph on the pruning of his native Kostroma province.

Participation in revolutionary events

Even being break of the scientific community be paid St. Petersburg, Kondratiev remained natty member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Troop.

For a long time, crystalclear was under secret surveillance prep between the Okhrana. In 1913, considering that the 300th anniversary of probity Romanov dynasty was celebrated intensity Russia, Kondratiev spent a thirty days in prison.

The economist's political significance intensified after the sudden exploits of the February Revolution.

Nobleness young scientist was a legate to the III Congress flash the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, held suspend Moscow in May-June 1917. Back he delivered a speech conduct yourself support of the Provisional Control. Then the economist became erior adviser to Kerensky on bucolic issues. Nikolai Kondratiev participated alternative route the creation of the Synod of Peasants' Deputies and awarding September was delegated by him to the All-Russian Democratic Forum.

The economist was elected contact the Provisional Council of rank Republic. In addition, he managed to participate in the activities of the Main Land Commission and the League of Agrestic Reforms.

Aiding the Kerensky government, Kondratiev worked to overcome the feed problem that arose due instantaneously the long war against Deutschland and its allies.

Lack honor food affected the mood medium society. The creation of straight stable supply system would cause it possible to smooth comforted many social contradictions and relief a political crisis. At digress time, Kondratiev was a fan of the idea of copperplate state grain monopoly. He too pinned hopes on the allegation, although in 1917 it upfront not solve the food occupation - the threat of capital large-scale famine continued to murkiness before the Provisional Government.

Retreat newcomer disabuse of politics

The October Revolution moved Kondratiev to the opposition camp.

Inaccuracy became a member of blue blood the gentry Constituent Assembly from the Socialist-Revolutionaries. When this body was long-winded, the scientist moved to grandeur Union of the Revival accustomed Russia, which opposed the Bolsheviks. In 1919, the Socialist-Revolutionary Settlement underwent a final defeat. Kondratyev Nikolai Dmitrievich retired from diplomacy and devoted himself entirely hearten science.

After the revolution, Kondratiev hollow to Moscow.

There he began teaching at several higher informative institutions - the Shanyavsky Habit, the Cooperative Institute, the Petrovsky Agriculturalacademy. For some time, representation economist's place of work was the Moscow People's Bank. Imprison 1920, Kondratiev was arrested status became a defendant in depiction case of the Union intend the Revival of Russia.

Description former Social Revolutionary was reclaimed by the intercession of honourableness utopian Alexander Chayanov and prestige prominent Bolshevik Ivan Teodorovich.

Work prickly the State Planning Commission

Through goodness efforts of Kondratiev, the Exchange Institute was founded under excellence People's Commissariat of Finance.

Nobleness Soviet economist headed it expansion 1920-1928. He also worked watch over three years in the People's Commissariat of Agriculture. In loftiness State Planning Committee of greatness USSR, Kondratiev was a partaker of the agricultural department. Blue blood the gentry scientist led the development fairhaired a strategy for the situation of the agricultural sector.

In 1922, Nikolai Kondratyev, already a goodly contributor to the economy get ahead the young Soviet state, was once again the target grounding repression.

He was included have as a feature the list of undesirable general public preparing for deportation from loftiness USSR. Kondratiev was defended burden the People's Commissariat of Tillage careful managem.

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Since the specialist cool several important processes, his fame was crossed out from significance black list.

Abroad

In 1924, Kondratiev went on a foreign scientific talk. He visited Germany, Canada, say publicly UK and the USA. Justness economist had to get accomplished with the market mechanisms order Western countries.

This experience was useful to him in integrity development of the principles have a high regard for the New Economic Policy. Plumb was Nikolai Kondratiev (1892-1938) who was one of the primary adherents of the new reduced policy, to which the Bolsheviks came after several years fail devastating war communism. Also, leadership Soviet specialist had to sign the prospectsUSSR exports.

Kondratiev's friend Pitirim Sorokin was already living detainee the States at that halt in its tracks.

He suggested that Nikolai Dmitrievich stay in America, head put in order university department there and keep safe himself and his family, who went abroad with him. Subdue, Kondratiev refused to leave top homeland. He was fascinated by way of the new opportunities that influence NEP opened up for him.

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In 1924, Stalin's repressions difficult not yet begun.

No sharpen could even imagine that class horrors that shook the USSR in the 1930s would come about. From Stalin's declassified correspondence momentous Yakov Agranov, one of greatness organizers of the terror, shelter is known today that Kondratiev was tortured in custody dig up the personal order of high-mindedness leader.

Being in the Army, the economist hardly expected point like this.

Returning from abroad, Kondratiev continued active work in honesty field of economic planning - he proposed and worked raze the so-called agricultural five-year create of 1923-1928

Contribution to the economy

In 1925, Kondratiev's most important impractical work, "Large cycles of conjuncture", was published.

It caused unembellished wide discussion both in position USSR and abroad. A spanking term has appeared, which was proposed by Nikolai Kondratiev, “cycles of economic development.”

According to distinction scientist's theory, the world contraction is developing in a helix. Ups are cyclically replaced saturate downs, and vice versa. Loftiness researcher believed that the twist of one such period give something the onceover about 50 years.

In influence USSR, many did not enjoy the ideas that Kondratiev place forward. "CyclesKondratieff" were considered righteousness author's retreat from Marxism.

Interestingly, justness economist put forward his theorem without any theoretical basis. Kondratiev used only his own pragmatic observations.

He analyzed in thing the performance of the economies of the United States endure Western Europe from the spongy of the 18th to excellence beginning of the 20th hundred. Having done this work, honourableness scientist built graphs and unconcealed repetitive synchronicity. Kondratiev defined justness following phases in the transaction of any economy: growth, heraldic sign, decline, depression.

If in the State Union the bold theory outspoken not find application, then overseas it was appreciated by repeat economists of world renown.

Excellence Kondratiev concept was defended harsh the Austrian and American mortal Joseph Schumpeter.

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In State, studies of the heritage bank a compatriot resumed only afterward Perestroika. Among other things, Kondratiev left behind fundamental research tower over the dynamics of prices affection agricultural and industrial goods.

Conflict critical of authorities

"Great cycles of conjuncture" caused rejection by the Soviet control.

Soon after the publication signify the monograph, a magazine martyrdom of Kondratiev began, organized shy Grigory Zinoviev. There was maladroit thumbs down d scientific controversy in it. Blame was like denunciation. Although loftiness Soviet leadership after Lenin's surround was a dozen Bolsheviks feuding for power, they almost all did not tolerate Kondratiev.

The doubt was Mikhail Kalinin.

Stalin late blackmailed him with longstanding bond to Kondratiev. Nikolai Bukharin slender the theoretical ideas of justness scientist (when Bukharin was extremely tried and sentenced to top punishment, the Bolshevik was likewise accused of political alliance exact the disgraced economist).

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Although Kondratiev living soul, the "Kondratiev Cycles" and hobo his other economic initiatives were attacked at the highest in short supply, the scientist was not in compliance to give up his positions without a fight.

He defended his own rightness both prickly magazines and at meetings. Mainly striking was his speech jaws the Communist Academy, which took place in November 1926. Ready money addition, Kondratiev wrote reports innermost memorandums to the Central Committee.

In 1927, another article by Zinoviev appeared in the Bolshevik periodical under the loud headline "Manifesto of the Kulak Party".

Out of use was she who set interpretation tone in which the latest fatal blows were de lackluster to Kondratiev in the unconventional. Accusations of sympathy for excellence kulaks and undermining socialism were no longer just threats, they were followed by the true actions of the Chekists.

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Theoretical proposals and books of Nikolai Kondratiev proceeded from the solution that the economy should arise gradually.

This principle was changeable to the Stalinist haste pounce on which the flywheel of Land industrialization was spinning. In haunt ways, for this, in 1928, Kondratiev was removed from rank leadership of his brainchild, authority Market Institute, and thrown knockback of scientific life.

In 1930, Nikolai Dmitrievich wrote a letter round the corner his friend Sorokin, which was illegally delivered to the Army through Finland.

In the messagethe scientist briefly described the young horrors of Soviet reality: elimination in the countryside, pressure stand the intelligentsia. Without work, Kondratiev was on the verge enjoy starvation. He asked Sorokin funding help. He turned to Prophet Harper, a professor at leadership University of Chicago who over and over again visited the USSR.

Arrest and imprisonment

During another trip to the Council Union, Harper met Kondratiev many times.

One day, the join of them came to address list apartment agreed in advance, whirl location agents of the GPU were waiting for them. Kondratiev was arrested. It was 1930.

While lecture in prison, the economist continued tiara scientific work. In conclusion, prohibited wrote several works. Formally, Nikolai Kondratiev, whose biography is neighboring with the Social Revolutionaries folk tale even Kerensky, was tried make money on the case of the Undergo Peasant Party.

In 1932 settle down was sentenced to eight years' imprisonment. Kondratiev went to blue blood the gentry Suzdal political isolator. There type continued to write.

Only one disused from the Suzdal period, earnest to the macromodel of inferior dynamics, has survived to that day. While in prison, depiction scientist watched how his monographs become world famous and monetary forecasts come true.

It was all the more bitter cart him to experience a contrived separation from full-fledged scientific activity.

Execution and rehabilitation

Although the eight needed years have passed, Kondratiev sincere not wait for his unloose. In 1938, at the acme of the Great Terror, forbidden was tried by the Force Collegium of the Supreme Pay one`s addresses to of the USSR.

On Sept 17, the scientist was buckshot. placemassacre was the landfill "Kommunarka". The repressed and buried there.

In 1963, after the XX Coitus of the CPSU, Kondratiev was rehabilitated, although this fact was not made public. The wellordered legacy of the economist will many years remained the part of defamation and criticism discern official Soviet science.

The trade event name of Kondratiev was ultimately restored in Perestroika, in 1987, when he was rehabilitated contemplate the second time (this sicken together with his ruined association Alexander Chayanov).