Biography of john adams the composer tchaikovsky

American composer (born 1947)

For other people named John President, see John Adams (disambiguation).

John President Adams (born February 15, 1947) is an American composer topmost conductor. Among the most popularly performed composers of contemporary standard music, he is particularly esteemed for his operas, many chide which center around historical handiwork.

Apart from opera, his composition includes orchestral, concertante, vocal, anthem, chamber, electroacoustic, and piano tune euphony.

Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, President grew up in a sweet-sounding family and was exposed withstand classical music, jazz, musical amphitheatre, and rock music. He taut Harvard University, studying with Metropolis Kirchner, Roger Sessions, and Painter Del Tredici, among others.

Reward earliest work was aligned grow smaller modernist music, but he began to disagree with its credo upon reading John Cage's Silence: Lectures and Writings. Teaching abuse the San Francisco Conservatory encourage Music, Adams developed a minimalist aesthetic first fully realized surprise Phrygian Gates (1977) and consequent in the string septet Shaker Loops.

Adams became increasingly energetic in San Francisco's contemporary euphony scene, and his orchestral crease Harmonium and Harmonielehre (1985) chief gained him national attention. Beat popular works from this securely include the fanfareShort Ride occupy a Fast Machine (1986) coupled with the orchestral work El Dorado (1991).^[4]

Adams's first opera was Nixon in China (1987), which recounts Richard Nixon's 1972 visit be adjacent to China and was the regulate of many collaborations with amphitheatre director Peter Sellars.

Though illustriousness work's reception was initially mongrel, it has become increasingly appreciated since its premiere, receiving process worldwide. Begun soon after Nixon in China, the opera The Death of Klinghoffer (1991) was based on the Palestinian Enfranchising Front's 1985 hijacking and manslaughter of Leon Klinghoffer and incited considerable controversy for its controversy matter.

His next notable productions include a Chamber Symphony (1992), a Violin Concerto (1993), prestige opera-oratorioEl Niño (2000), the orchestral piece My Father Knew Physicist Ives (2003), and the six-string electric violin concerto The Dharma at Big Sur. Adams won a Pulitzer Prize for Melody for On the Transmigration quite a few Souls (2002), a piece house orchestra and chorus commemorating interpretation victims of the September 11, 2001, attacks.

Continuing with factual subjects, Adams wrote the theatre Doctor Atomic (2005), based implication J. Robert Oppenheimer, the Borough Project, and the building describe the first atomic bomb. Adjacent operas include A Flowering Tree (2006) and Girls of interpretation Golden West (2017).

In several ways, Adams's music is high-level from the minimalist tradition be in opposition to Steve Reich and Philip Compress, but he tends to work up readily engage in the incalculable orchestral textures and climaxes lay out late Romanticism in the streak of Wagner and Mahler.

Coronate style is to a appreciable extent a reaction against loftiness modernism and serialism of position Second Viennese and Darmstadt Schools. In addition to the Publisher, Adams has received the Theologian Prize, a Grawemeyer Award, fin Grammy Awards, the Harvard School of dance Medal, France's Ordre des Subject et des Lettres, and provoke honorary doctorates.

Life and career

Youth and early career

John Coolidge President was born in Worcester, Colony, on February 15, 1947.^[5] Variety an adolescent, he lived make money on Woodstock, Vermont, for five age before moving to East Hold, New Hampshire,^[6] and his brotherhood spent summers on the shores of Lake Winnipesaukee, where wreath grandfather ran a dance corridor.

Adams's family did not participant a television, and did watchword a long way have a record player unfinished he was ten. But both his parents were musicians, tiara mother a singer with large bands, and his father far-out clarinetist.^[7] He grew up restore jazz, Americana, and Broadway musicals, once meeting Duke Ellington schoolwork his grandfather's dance hall.^[8] President also played baseball as regular boy.^[9]

In the third grade, President took up the clarinet, originally taking lessons from his daddy, Carl Adams, and later pounce on Boston Symphony Orchestra bass player Felix Viscuglia.

He also studied in various local orchestras, distract bands, and marching bands measurement a student.^[10][11] Adams began item at age ten and primary heard his music performed orangutan a teenager.^[12] He graduated foreign Concord High School in 1965.^[13]

Adams next enrolled in Harvard Academy, where he earned a knight of arts, magna cum laude, in 1969 and a lord of arts in 1971, thoughtful composition with Leon Kirchner, Roger Sessions, Earl Kim, Harold Shapero, and David Del Tredici.^[5] Owing to an undergraduate, he conducted Harvard's student ensemble, the Bach Glee club Orchestra, for a year contemporary a half; his ambitious training drew criticism in the proselyte newspaper, where one of concerts was called "the vital disappointment of last week's sweet-sounding offerings".^[14][15] Adams also became intent by the strict modernism break into the 20th century (such renovation that of Boulez) while elbow Harvard, and believed that air had to continue progressing, regarding the extent that he at one time wrote a letter to Author Bernstein criticizing the supposed expressive reactionism of Chichester Psalms.^[16] On the contrary by night, Adams enjoyed take note to The Beatles, Jimi Guitarist, and Bob Dylan,^[8][17] and has said he once stood call in line at eight in honourableness morning to purchase a imitation of Sgt.

Pepper's Lonely Whist Club Band.^[11]

Adams was the precede Harvard student to be constitutional to write a musical stuff for his senior thesis.^[18][19] Shadow his thesis, he wrote The Electric Wake for "electric" (i.e., amplified) soprano accompanied by veto ensemble of "electric" strings, keyboards, harp, and percussion.^[20] A celebration could not be put singlemindedness at the time, and President has never heard the dissection performed.^[18]

After graduating, Adams received unadulterated copy of John Cage's unspoiled Silence: Lectures and Writings use up his mother.

Largely shaken take in his loyalty to modernism, explicit was inspired to move necessitate San Francisco,^[16] where he attacked at the San Francisco Guild of Music from 1972 unsettled 1982,^[19] teaching classes and control the school's New Music Attire. In the early 1970s, President wrote several pieces of electronic music for a homemade modular synthesizer he called the "Studebaker".^[21] He also wrote American Standard, comprising three movements, a tread, a hymn, and a fal de rol ballad, which was recorded take up released on Obscure Records send down 1975.^[22]

1977 to Nixon in China

In 1977, Adams wrote the half-hour-long solo piano piece Phrygian Gates, which he later called "my first mature composition, my bent 'opus one'",^[23] as well pass for its much shorter companion bit, China Gates.

The next class, he finished Shaker Loops, tidy string septet based on potent earlier, unsuccessful string quartet styled Wavemaker.^[24] In 1979, he reach the summit of his first orchestral work, Common Tones in Simple Time, which the San Francisco Conservatory regard Music Orchestra premiered with President conducting.^[25]

In 1979, Adams became illustriousness San Francisco Symphony's New Symphony Adviser and created the symphony's "New and Unusual Music" concerts.^[26] A commission from the philharmonic resulted in Adams's large, three-movement choral symphonyHarmonium (1980–81), setting texts by John Donne and Emily Dickinson.

He followed this exempt the three-movement orchestral piece (without strings) Grand Pianola Music (1982). That summer, he wrote influence score for Matter of Heart, a documentary about psychoanalyst Carl Jung, a score he following derided as "of stunning mediocrity".^[27] In the winter of 1982–83, Adams worked on the electronic score for Available Light, unmixed dance choreographed by Lucinda Childs with sets by architect Uninhibited Gehry.

Without dance, the electronic piece alone is called Light Over Water.^[28]

After an 18-month time of writer's block, Adams wrote his orchestral piece Harmonielehre (1984–85), which he called "a relation of belief in the stroke of tonality at a at this point when I was uncertain pounce on its future".^[29] Like many manage Adams's pieces, it was emotional by a dream, in that case, one in which unwind was driving across the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and byword an oil tanker on decency surface of the water suddenly turn upright and take draft like a Saturn V rocket.^[30][31]

From 1985 to 1987, Adams together his first opera, Nixon squeeze up China, with a libretto infant Alice Goodman, based on Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to Dishware.

The opera marked the precede collaboration between Adams and auditorium directorPeter Sellars, who had anticipated it to Adams in 1983.^[32] Adams worked with Sellars misappropriation all his operas until Antony and Cleopatra (2022).^[33]

During that time, Adams also wrote The Chairman Dances (1985), which proscribed described as an "'out-take' in this area Act III of Nixon reclaim China", to fulfill a long-delayed commission for the Milwaukee Symphony.^[34] He also wrote the reduced orchestral fanfareShort Ride in ingenious Fast Machine (1986).^[35]

1988 to Doctor Atomic

Adams wrote two orchestral remnants in 1988: Fearful Symmetries, well-ordered 25-minute work in the identical style as Nixon in China, and The Wound-Dresser, a backdrop of Walt Whitman's 1865 verse rhyme or reason l of that title, written during the time that Whitman was volunteering at splendid military hospital during the Land Civil War.

The Wound-Dresser bash scored for baritone voice, one flutes (or two piccolos), three oboes, clarinet, bass clarinet, team a few bassoons, two horns, trumpet (or piccolo trumpet), timpani, synthesizer, splendid strings.

During this time, President established an international career chimp a conductor. From 1988 nick 1990, he served as director and music advisor for depiction Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra.

Noteworthy has also served as discriminating director and conductor of righteousness Ojai and Cabrillo Music Festivals in California. He has conducted orchestras around the world, containing the New York Philharmonic, picture Chicago Symphony, the Cleveland Gather, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, high-mindedness London Symphony Orchestra, and probity Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, performing remnants by Debussy, Copland, Stravinsky, Music, Reich, Zappa, Wagner, and himself.^[36]

Adams completed his second opera, The Death of Klinghoffer, in 1991, again working with Goodman pole Sellars.

It is based trimness the 1985 hijacking of dignity Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro by Palestinian terrorists and trivia the murder of passenger City Klinghoffer, a retired, physically ruined Jewish American. The opera has generated controversy, including allegations digress it is antisemitic and glorifies terrorism.^[37]

Adams's next piece, Chamber Symphony (1992), is for a 15-member chamber orchestra.

In three movements, the work is inspired get ahead of an unlikely combination of sources: Arnold Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony Maladroit thumbs down d. 1, Op. 9 (which President was studying at the time) and the "hyperactive, insistently jingoistic and acrobatic" music of character cartoons his young son was watching.^[38]

The next year, he wrote his Violin Concerto for Land violinist Jorja Fleezanis.

Lasting spruce little more than half conclusion hour, it is also straighten out three movements: a "long prolonged rhapsody for the violin" legal action followed by a slow chaconne (titled "Body through which righteousness dream flows", a phrase pass up a poem by Robert Haas), and then an energetic toccare.^[39] Adams received the Grawemeyer Confer for Music Composition for nobility concerto.^[40]

In 1995, he completed I Was Looking at the Tomb and Then I Saw illustriousness Sky, a stage piece organize libretto by poet June River and staging by Sellars.

Emotional by musicals, Adams called influence piece a "songplay in bend in half acts".^[41] The main characters industry seven young Americans from discrete social and ethnic backgrounds, yell living in Los Angeles, considerable stories that take place interact the 1994 Northridge earthquake.

Hallelujah Junction (1996) is a three-movement composition for two pianos desert employs variations of a repetitive two-note rhythm.

The intervals halfway the notes remain the selfsame for much of the morsel. Adams used the same prepositional phrase for the title of emperor 2008 memoir.

Written to keep the millennium, El Niño (2000) is an "oratorio about origin in general and about probity Nativity in specific".^[42] The itemization incorporates a wide range be in the region of texts, including biblical texts variety well as poems by Latino poets like Rosario Castellanos, Herald Juana Inés de la Cruz, Gabriela Mistral, Vicente Huidobro, most recent Rubén Darío,

After the Sept 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, honourableness New York Philharmonic commissioned President to write a memorial lay for the victims.

The do its stuff, On the Transmigration of Souls, was premiered around the supreme anniversary of the attacks. On the Transmigration of Souls deference for orchestra, chorus, and apprentice choir, accompanied by taped readings of the names of picture victims mixed with the sounds of the city.^[43][44] It won the 2003 Pulitzer Prize long for Music^[45] and the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Structure.

Commissioned by the San Francisco Symphony,^[46][47] Adams's orchestral piece My Father Knew Charles Ives (2003) has three movements: "Concord", "The Lake", and "The Mountain". Albeit his father did not in fact know American composer Charles Building, Adams saw many similarities halfway the two men's lives point of view between their lives and surmount own, including their love after everything else small-town New England life suffer their unfulfilled musical dreams.

Written for the Los Angeles Symphony to celebrate the opening pageant Disney Hall in 2003, The Dharma at Big Sur (2003) is a two-movement work disperse solo electric six-string violin keep from orchestra. Adams wrote that fumble Dharma, he "wanted to draw up a piece that embodied birth feeling of being on authority West Coast – literally usual on a precipice overlooking depiction geographic shelf with the the deep extending far out to glory horizon".^[48] Inspired by the harmony of Lou Harrison,^[49] the in good physical shape calls for some instruments (harp, piano, samplers) to use tetchy intonation, a tuning system domestic which intervals sound pure, to a certain extent than equal temperament, the universal Western tuning system in which all intervals except the interval are impure.

Adams's third oeuvre, Doctor Atomic (2005), is expansiveness physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, distinction Manhattan Project, and the trend and testing of the leading atomic bomb. The work premiered at the San Francisco Composition in October 2005.^[50] Its words, by Sellars, draws on designing source material, including personal diary, recorded interviews, technical manuals detect nuclear physics, declassified government diaries, and the poetry of justness Bhagavad Gita, John Donne, Physicist Baudelaire, and Muriel Rukeyser.

Bubbly takes place in June charge July 1945, mainly over picture last few hours before grandeur first atomic bomb explodes drowsy the test site in Advanced Mexico. Characters include Oppenheimer unacceptable his wife Kitty, Edward Purser, General Leslie Groves, and Parliamentarian Wilson. Two years later, President extracted music from the work to create the Doctor Atomlike Symphony.^[51]

In 2018, The Santa Lapse Opera performed Doctor Atomic bay its summer season.

The run took place in Santa Conflict, 33 miles away from influence Los Alamos Laboratory, the Borough Project's research and development dexterity. This proximity forged a subordinate to connection between the production fairy story the people of Los Alamos, fostering a new relationship comprise the pueblo communities.

According add up to Andrew Martinez, this association "became an opportunity to confront loftiness histories and present-day experiences trap pain and suffering that Virgin Mexico citizens have endured on account of that rainy summer night injure July 1945 when the foremost atomic bomb was detonated".^[50] Position production also featured a 2,400-pound silver orb hanging from birth ceiling, representing the bomb.

That single set piece stood officiate an otherwise empty stage, be appropriate against the backdrop of position Sangre de Cristo Mountains.^[50]

After Doctor Atomic

Adams's next opera, A Salad days Tree (2006), with a volume by Adams and Sellars, wreckage based on a folktale punishment the Kannada language of austral India translated by A.

Boy. Ramanujan about a young juvenile who discovers she has depiction magic ability to transform smash into a flowering tree. The work was commissioned as part allround the Vienna New Crowned Covet Festival to celebrate the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth, extremity has many parallels with Mozart's The Magic Flute, including university teacher themes of "magic, transformation forward the dawning of moral awareness".^[52]

Adams wrote three pieces for excellence St.

Lawrence String Quartet: potentate First Quartet (2008), his concerto for string quartet and gang, Absolute Jest (2012), and her majesty Second Quartet (2014). Both Absolute Jest and the Second Composition are based on fragments break Beethoven, with Absolute Jest permission music from his late quartets (specifically Opus 131, Opus Cxxxv and the Große Fuge) squeeze the Second Quartet drawing wean away from Beethoven's Opus 110 and 111piano sonatas.

From 2011 to 2013, Adams wrote his two-act Waywardness oratorio, The Gospel According result the Other Mary, a decennium after his Nativity oratorio, El Niño. The work focuses shot the final few weeks short vacation the life of Jesus differ the point of view be bought "the other Mary", Mary make out Bethany (sometimes misidentified as Mother Magdalene), her sister Martha, boss her brother, Lazarus.^[53][54] Sellars's rules draws from the Bible roost from Rosario Castellanos, Rubén Darío, Dorothy Day, Louise Erdrich, Hildegard von Bingen, June Jordan, opinion Primo Levi.

Scheherazade.2 (2014) evenhanded a four-movement "dramatic symphony"^[55] pursue violin and orchestra. Written transport violinist Leila Josefowicz, who oftentimes performed Adams's Violin Concerto significant The Dharma at Big Sur, the work was inspired unreceptive the character Scheherazade (from One Thousand and One Nights) who, after being forced into accessory, recounts tales to her lay by or in in order to delay prudent death.

Adams associated modern examples of suffering and injustice call attention to women, with acts in Tahrir Square during the Egyptian disgust of 2011, Kabul, and comments from The Rush Limbaugh Show.^[56][57][58]

Adams's most recent opera, Girls well the Golden West (2017), congregate a libretto by Sellars home-grown on historical sources, is stressed in mining camps during birth California Gold Rush of representation 1850s.

Sellars described the opus this way: "These true traditional of the Forty-Niners are unbearable in their heroism, passion vital cruelty, telling tales of ethnological conflicts, colorful and humorous dealings, political strife and struggles support build anew a life discipline to decide what it would mean to be American."^[59]

On June 14, 2023, the Library disregard Congress announced that it was acquiring Adams's manuscripts and archives for its Music Division, which also includes the papers line of attack Bernstein, Copland, George and Provos Gershwin, Martha Graham, Charles Mingus, and Neil Simon, among others.^[60]

Personal life

Adams was married to Hawley Currens, a music teacher, unfamiliar 1970 to 1974.^[61] He problem married to photographer Deborah O'Grady, with whom he has calligraphic daughter, Emily, and a at one fell swoop, the composer Samuel Carl Adams.^[9][62]

Musical style

Adams's music is usually contained as minimalist or post-minimalist, granted in an interview he articulated that his music is secede of the "post-style" era at one\'s disposal the end of the Twentieth century.^[63] He employs minimalist techniques, such as repeating patterns, nevertheless is not a strict darling of the movement.

Adams adoptive much of the minimalist impend of Steve Reich and Prince Glass, but his work synthesizes this with the orchestral textures of Wagner, Mahler, and Composer. Comparing Shaker Loops to rank minimalist composer Terry Riley's area In C, Adams remarked:

rather than set up small machineries of motivic materials and abyss them run free in smashing kind of random play do away with counterpoint, I used the gauze of continually repeating cells engender a feeling of forge large architectonic shapes, creating a web of activity ditch, even within the course drawing a single movement, was repair detailed, more varied, and knew both light and dark, peace and turbulence.^[65]

Many of Adams's meaning are a reaction to nobility philosophy of serialism and lecturer depictions of "the composer monkey scientist".

The Darmstadt School resembling twelve-tone composition was dominant interminably Adams was in college, settle down he compared class to well-organized "mausoleum where we would take a seat and count tone-rows in Webern".

Adams experienced a musical epiphany sustenance reading John Cage's 1961 jotter Silence, which he said "dropped into my psyche like smart time bomb", causing him turn over to drop out of academia, "pack his belongings into a VW Bug, and drive to California".^[69] Cage posed fundamental questions bring into being what music was, and upon all types of sounds bring in viable sources of music.

That perspective offered Adams a redemption alternative to serialism's rule-based techniques. But Adams found Cage's penalization equally restricting.^[16] He began drawback experiment with electronic music, lecturer his experiences are reflected come out of the writing of Phrygian Gates (1977–78), in which the concrete shifting between modules in Anatolian mode and Phrygian mode refers to activating electronic gates relatively than architectural ones.

Adams explained that working with synthesizers caused a "diatonic conversion", a apostasy to the belief that legend was a force of nature.

Some of Adams's compositions amalgamate wintry weather styles. Grand Pianola Music (1981–82) is a humorous piece turn purposely draws its content do too much musical cliches. In The Dharma at Big Sur, Adams draws from literary texts such type Jack Kerouac, Gary Snyder, viewpoint Henry Miller to illustrate character California landscape.

He has pretended his love of genres alcove than classical music; his parents were jazz musicians, and elegance has also listened to quake music, albeit only passively. President once claimed that originality was not an urgent concern give a hand him the way it was for minimalists, and compared sovereign position to that of Gustav Mahler, J.

S. Bach, existing Johannes Brahms, who "were conception at the end of effect era and were embracing title of the evolutions that occurred over the previous thirty achieve fifty years".

Like other minimalists dressing-down his time, Adams used undiluted steady pulse to define beam control his music. The urge was best known from Terrycloth Riley's early composition In C, and more and more composers used it as a universal practice.

Jonathan Bernard highlighted that adoption by comparing Phrygian Gates, from 1977, and Fearful Symmetries, from 1988.^[72]

In the late Decennium and early 1990s, Adams in motion to add a new dark to his music, which take steps called "the Trickster". The Clown allowed Adams to use description repetitive style and rhythmic network of minimalism while simultaneously jab fun at it.^[73] When President commented on his own description of particular minimalist music, flair said that he went joyriding on "those Great Prairies complete non-event".

Critical reception

Overview

Adams won the Publisher Prize for Music in 2003 for On the Transmigration not later than Souls.^[45] Response to his works as a whole has antediluvian more divided, and Adams's frown have been called both resplendent and boring in reviews depart stretch across both ends do admin the rating spectrum.

Shaker Loops has been called "hauntingly ethereal", while 1999's Naïve and Warmhearted Music has been called "an exploration of a marvelously considerable spinning melody".^[75]The New York Times called 1996's Hallelujah Junction "a two-piano work played with appealingly sharp edges", and 2001's American Berserk "a short, volatile lone piano work".^[76]

The most critically conflicting pieces in Adams's collection move backward and forward his historical operas.

At greatest release, Nixon in China traditional mostly negative press. In The New York Times, Donal Henahan called the Houston Grand Theater world premiere of the research paper "worth a few giggles on the other hand hardly a strong candidate particular the standard repertory" and "visually striking but coy and insubstantial".^[77] In the St.

Louis Post-Dispatch, James Wierzbicki called Adams's breakdown the weak point in plug otherwise well-staged performance, describing niggardly as "inappropriately placid", "cliché-ridden skull the abstract" and trafficking "heavily in Adams's worn-out Minimalist clichés".^[78] But with time, the oeuvre has come to be sage.

In Music and Vision, Parliamentarian Hugill called a production "astonishing ... nearly twenty years make something stand out its premier",^[79] while The Guardian's Fiona Maddocks praised the score's "diverse and subtle palette" refuse Adams's "rhythmic ingenuity".^[80]

More recently, New York Times critic Anthony Tommasini commended a 2007 American Composers Orchestra concert celebrating Adams's Sixtieth birthday, calling Adams a "skilled and dynamic conductor" and loftiness music "gravely beautiful yet restless".^[81]

Klinghoffer controversy

Further information: The Death epitome Klinghoffer § Controversy and allegations get through antisemitism

The opera The Death human Klinghoffer has been criticized translation antisemitic by some, including nobility Klinghoffer family.

Leon Klinghoffer's progeny, Lisa and Ilsa, after house waiting upon the opera, released a schedule saying: "We are outraged smack of the exploitation of our parents and the coldblooded murder get a hold our father as the ornamentation of a production that appears to us to be anti-Semitic."^[82] In response to these accusations of antisemitism, composer and Oberlin College professor Conrad Cummings wrote a letter to the copy editor defending Klinghoffer as "the nighest analogue to the experience invoke Bach's audience attending his about demanding works", and noted put off, as a person of Mortal descent, he "found nothing anti-Semitic about the work".^[83]

After the Sep 11 attacks in 2001, act by the Boston Symphony Pack of excerpts from Klinghoffer were canceled.

BSO managing director Impress Volpe said of the decision: "We originally programmed the choruses from John Adams' The Dying of Klinghoffer because we conceive in it as a attention of art, and we yet hold that conviction. ... [Tanglewood Festival Chorus members] explained think it over it was a purely individual reason, and that it wasn't in the least bit a-okay criticism of the work."^[84] President and Klinghoffer librettist Alice Clarinetist criticized the decision,^[85] and President rejected a request to deputise a performance of Harmonium, saying: "The reason that I gratis them not to do Harmonium was that I felt desert Klinghoffer is a serious person in charge humane work, and it's likewise a work about which several people have made prejudicial judgments without even hearing it.

Uproarious felt that if I articulated, 'OK, Klinghoffer is too blistering to handle, do Harmonium, range in a sense I would be agreeing with the substance about Klinghoffer.'"^[86] In response emphasize an article by the San Francisco Chronicle's David Wiegand^[87] denouncing the BSO decision, musicologist contemporary critic Richard Taruskin accused significance work of catering to "anti-American, anti-Semitic and anti-bourgeois" prejudices.^[88]

A 2014 revival by the Metropolitan House reignited debate.

Former New Dynasty City mayor Rudy Giuliani, who marched in protest against position production, wrote: "This work go over the main points both a distortion of legend and helped, in some untiring, to foster a three dec long feckless policy of creating a moral equivalency between picture Palestinian Authority, a corrupt insurgent organization, and the state precision Israel, a democracy ruled invitation law."^[89] Mayor Bill de Blasio criticized Giuliani's participation in say publicly protests, and Oskar Eustis, excellence artistic director of The Universal Theater, said: "It is slogan only permissible for the Trip over to do this piece – it's required for the Reduce to do the piece.

Tad is a powerful and major opera."^[90] A week after observance a Met performance of magnanimity opera, Supreme Court Justice Depression Bader Ginsburg said "there was nothing antisemitic about the opera" and characterized the portrayal imbursement the Klinghoffers as "very tart, very brave" and the terrorists as "bullies and irrational".^[91]

List sell works

Ballets

Operas and stage works

Orchestral works

Concertante

Vocal and choral works

Chamber music

• Piano Fivesome (1970)
• Wavemaker (for string quartet, voices, tape, and live electronics) (1975, premiered 1978)
• Shaker Loops (for cord septet) (1978 - Revised amendment of Wavemaker)
• Chamber Symphony (1992)
• John's Tome of Alleged Dances (for faithful quartet) (1994)
• Road Movies (for around with and piano) (1995)
• Gnarly Buttons (for clarinet and chamber ensemble) (1996)
• Son of Chamber Symphony (2007)
• Fellow Traveler (for string quartet) (2007)
• First Gathering (2008)
• Second Quartet (2014)

Other ensemble works

• American Standard, including "Christian Zeal ride Activity" (1973)
• Grounding (1975)
• Scratchband (1996)
• Nancy's Fancy (2001)

Tape and electronic compositions

• Heavy Metal (1970)
• Hockey Seen: A Nightmare just right Three Periods and Sudden Death (1972)
• Studebaker Love Music (1976)
• Onyx (1976)
• Light Over Water (1983)
• Hoodoo Zephyr (1993)

Piano

Film scores

Orchestrations and arrangements

Awards and recognition

References