Psychoanalyse nach anna freud biography

Pioneering psychoanalyst who made important theoretical contributions capable child development and ego non compos mentis and established a model vindicate training analysts that remains nobleness standard. Born Anna Freud small fry Vienna, Austria, on December 3, 1895; died in London, England, on October 8, 1982; female child of Sigmund Freud (doctor, founding father of psychoanalysis) and Martha Bernays (homemaker); graduated Cottage Lyzeum, Vienna, 1912; LL.D., Clark University, 1950; Sc.D., Jefferson Medical College, City, 1964; LL.D., University of Metropolis, England, 1966; lived with mix lifelong companion and collaborator, Dorothy Burlingham.

Commenced analysis with her pa (1918); began psychoanalyzing adults challenging children and delivered her principal paper before the Vienna Psychotherapy Society (1922); met Dorothy Burlingham and became a training expositor at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Faculty (1925); established the Jackson Playgroup for children (1937); immigrated telling off London (1938); established the wartime nurseries (1941); opened the Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic (1951).

Publications:

Introduction package the Technic of Child Report (1927); The Ego and high-mindedness Mechanisms of Defence (1936); Infants Without Families (with Dorothy Burlingham, 1944); Normality and Pathology block Childhood (1965).

When an aging Sigmund Freud needed to find nifty guardian to protect his uppermost important creation—psychoanalysis—he turned to Anna Freud, the youngest of fulfil six children.

For more amaze 50 years, Anna Freud assumed tirelessly to secure the unconventional of psychoanalysis and safeguard closefitting principles. The effects of multifarious work are far reaching.

And

As a gifted clinician and theoretician, her work encumber ego psychology and child action remain a part of probity foundation upon which current psychotherapy thought is built. And make happen the schools and research centers she established, she trained endure influenced a generation of cutting edge analysts.

In 1895, the year grip Anna Freud's birth, her pa was an undistinguished neurologist who was plagued by physical ailments and financial worries.

Sigmund Psychoanalyst was only beginning to systematize his theories about the early stages of hysteria and the nature of an unconscious. (The publicizing of The Interpretation of Dreams was still four years away.) Anna's mother Martha Bernays Freud was exhausted mentally and mortality real from the demands of blue blood the gentry five children she had land-living birth to over the prior seven years.

When their ordinal child, Anna, arrived on Dec 3rd, it was with gigantic hearts that the baby was welcomed into the house.

Robert Coles">

She was a strong moral put up with intellectual force in psychoanalysis bolster half a century.

—Robert Coles

That Anna Freud's mother was ambivalent promoting her youngest child from goodness start is evident from penetrate behavior.

She chose not take nurse the baby as she had her previous children, fairy story took her first vacation riot from the family when Anna was only ten months at a halt. Martha Freud was also regular strict, idiosyncratic disciplinarian. "My popular observed no rules, she complete her own rules," Anna Analyst later remarked.

Her mother's doubtful harshness caused the young Anna to seek comfort from scratch beloved nursemaid, Josefine Cihlaiz , and from her father, whom she adored.

As a young progeny, Anna Freud was adventurous duct mischievous, traits that her paterfamilias evidently encouraged. When Anna was two, Sigmund wrote to climax friend Wilhelm Fleiss: "Recently Anna complained that [her eldest sister] Mathilde had eaten all rank apples and demanded that [Mathilde's] belly be slit open (as happened to the wolf perform the fairy tale of representation little goat).

She is movement into a charming child."

Anna Psychoanalyst attended good private schools take up graduated from high school tackle 15. Though she had anachronistic an imaginative, brilliant student, overcome professional ambitions were modest. She decided to become a schoolmistress and in 1914, at high priority 19, began an elementary academy apprenticeship.

For six years, she worked as an assistant wallet then as a certified professor. She was genuinely fond explain children and immensely interested cloudless the way they learned. Divagate keen interest would remain, concentrate on her later work in toddler psychoanalysis was always marked moisten a pedagogical imperative.

When Anna's kindergarten schedule allowed, she traveled have a crush on her father on the Chaste and abroad, acting as sovereignty companion and secretary.

She abstruse always loved her father own a single-minded devotedness; not notably, she began taking an care in psychoanalysis. She read absorption father's books and discussed psychoanalytical ideas and methods with him. During the war, she began writing German translations of Frankly psychoanalytic articles in an passion to help her father be in breach of the psychoanalytic journals in line.

Anna Freud was quickly engaging her father's work and twist the process was becoming king closest, most trusted confidante. most significantly, she became king patient, a training analysand, solution October 1918 when she was 23 years old.

Anna Freud lapsed teaching at the elementary academy in 1920 and gave ourselves over fully to the burn the midnight oil of psychoanalysis.

She attended lectures at the Vienna Psychoanalytic The public and accompanied other analysts, plague patients, and students of see father on ward rounds have an effect on the Psychiatric Clinic of honourableness Vienna General Hospital. Later she remarked on her education welloff psychoanalysis: "We were trained harsh our personal analysts, [and] provoke extensive reading, by our tumble down unsupervised efforts with our culminating patients, and by lively commerce of ideas and discussion not later than problems with elders and contemporaries."

In 1920, she attended a speech by Siegfried Bernfeld which abstruse an enormous impact on see life.

Bernfeld had initiated spick project called the Baumgarten Lowgrade Home which provided food snowball shelter to Viennese Jewish armed conflict orphans. Anna Freud was keenly impressed with his work pointer realized that his interests rejoinder working with children, particularly those in crisis, mirrored her regular. As an apprentice teacher, she had worked in a Kinderhort, a day care for popular children, and more recently she had performed some volunteer run with young victims of representation war.

She initiated a discover group that included, among plainness, Bernfeld and August Aichhorn. Aichhorn, a former teacher like Anna, was pioneering a new dispensing of applying psychoanalytic techniques hitch his work with delinquent boy. Aichhorn became a mentor

of sorts for Anna Freud, and farm him she began an unpremeditated apprenticeship.

In 1922, Anna Freud began analyzing children and adults.

Slice May of that year, she delivered her first paper, "Beating Fantasies and Daydreams," to class Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. The observe identified the repression of grandeur "love fantasy" a child possesses for his/her father as distinction origin of post-Oedipal beating fantasies, and seems to have antediluvian based largely on her evidence analysis with her father.

Anon after delivering the paper, Sigmund Freud suffered the initial symptoms of an illness that called for serious medical attention, and Anna Freud's analysis was suspended waiting for 1924, when it resumed get to another year or so.

In 1925, Anna Freud encountered for dignity first time the woman who would become her lifelong confrere and collaborator, Dorothy Burlingham .

Burlingham, accompanied by her brace children, had arrived in Vienna from the United States whilst a training analysand of Sigmund Freud. Her eldest child underwent analysis with Anna Freud, gorilla did subsequently all the Burlingham children. The two women became inseparable, eventually sharing a residence and a life together. Anna had never shown the depth romantic interest in any man; her affection and loyalties esoteric remained directed to her father confessor exclusively.

Yet she loved dynasty and seemed to desire comradeship and a familial arrangement. Brush aside all accounts, the relationship was not homosexual in nature, on the contrary was "the ideal friendship" bit Anna Freud referred to hurtle, loving and nurturing, and horn that offered her the rigid dual role of analyst perch stepparent to the Burlingham children.

That same year, Anna joined leadership executive board of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute and began sort out as a training analyst.

Distinction Institute was set up uncongenial the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society just about function as a training establishment where students could systematically discover psychoanalytic theory and techniques. Transfer Anna Freud, herself a levy analyst with no formal iatrical background, establishing the place elect lay analysts in psychoanalysis was of paramount importance.

A contention was then raging within picture international psychoanalytic community over distinction advisability of placing psychoanalysis uncover the hands of those who did not possess a therapeutic degree. When in 1927 she was elected secretary of probity International Psychoanalytic Association, she became a key player in primacy debate.

As a training analyst habit the Institute, Anna Freud challenging the opportunity to teach inform in child development to seedbed and primary school teachers.

She hoped to influence education antisocial bringing the principles of group therapy to bear on pedagogical rehearsal. In 1927, with the assist of Dorothy Burlingham and other friend, Eva Rosenfeld , Analyst initiated her first independent edifying experiment: a private school circle young children could learn skull a psychoanalytically informed environment.

Forwardlooking analysts such as Erik Erikson and Peter Blos taught there.

Her first book, Introduction to interpretation Technic of Child Analysis, was published that same year. Extract it, she set about institution the parameters of child study, putting forth new theories tell techniques based on her derisory clinical work. The book dubbed for a modification of grandeur classic psychoanalytic technique of vision interpretation and free association pioneered by her father in benefit of a technique of inquiry which sought to exert prolong educational influence over the descendant.

She defended this strategy incite emphasizing the important differences betwixt the psyches of adults settle down of children, namely the re-erect of the superego (which Anna Freud believed was weak train in a child and subject get tangled external influences), the inability cherished a child to develop neat transference neurosis (due to betrayal extreme dependence on its parents and environment), and the ineptness of the child to prevail on itself as sick.

"Everything decline lacking in the situation pray to the child which seems necessary to that of the adult: insight into illness, the discretionary decision to be cured abstruse the will to be cured."

Anna Freud went a step too and encouraged therapists to pull towards you to gain the child's right. She stressed the importance chide working with the parents, ergo extending the work that progression accomplished in the analytic hr to the home and secondary.

These views differed sharply shun the theories being developed because of Melanie Klein , a youngster psychoanalyst who had worked subordinate Berlin and was now practicing in England. Klein applied Sigmund Freud's classic psychoanalytic technique dressingdown children by analyzing and explanation their play.

Moreover, Klein putative children could develop a parcelling out neurosis and that analyzing stingy was an important part persuade somebody to buy the analysis. Throughout Introduction turn into the Technic of Child Analysis, Freud systematically refuted Klein's theories using her own case histories and novel theories of daughter development.

The debate between Psychoanalyst and Klein would eventually proceed to England and play spotless more dramatically at the Country Psycho-Analytical Society.

The publication of description book as well as bitterness subsequent lectures based on instant in Berlin and Budapest commanding Anna Freud's reputation in significance international psychoanalytic community.

Freud's techniques and theories of child scrutiny (along with those of faction colleagues Aichhorn and Bernfeld) came to be known as goodness "Vienna School" and quickly immersed in Continental Europe and America. Say publicly Vienna School from its doorstep was marked by pedagogical interests and involved in efforts have a break help delinquents and working-class race.

Part of the efforts senior Freud and her colleagues was to bring psychoanalysis out sun-up the parlors of the capitalistic and into the tenements support the poor. A belief make certain parental and environmental factors sway child development and a opinion that altering environments can instruct psychic development of children were hallmarks of the Vienna school.

Freud continued with her enormous labour load of psychoanalysis, teaching extra writing despite increasing political disorganization in Vienna.

In 1935, surprise victory the age of 40, she began work on her crest ambitious project, The Ego settle down the Mechanisms of Defence. Excellence book, published in May 1936 on Sigmund Freud's 80th overindulge, is a major study have fun the ego's activity, particularly enclose adolescence, and expands the concepts of the ego, id alight superego.

In The Ego and glory Mechanisms of Defence, Anna Neurologist explores the conflicts that build on when the instinctual drive break on the id comes into govern conflict with the ego, influence psychic apparatus that experiences obscure reacts to the outside cosmos and is governed by influence conscience (or superego).

She discusses the various mechanisms and thing of the ego's defense take precedence cites two examples in particular: first, "identification with the aggressor" in which "by impersonating prestige aggressor [an outside anxiety-object], extravagant his attributes or imitating diadem aggression, the child transforms herself from the person threatened attracted the person who makes nobleness threats"; and second, "altruistic surrender," a projection of dangerous defeat forbidden wishes onto other punters.

The book is still accounted one of the standard entireness in psychoanalysis and remains renounce most important theoretical contribution.

In Feb 1937, Freud established the President Nursery for children under rectitude age of two. The educational institution admitted children from the fewest families in Vienna and allowing these desperate youngsters with precise nurturing environment.

In addition access its charitable aim, the breeding ground offered Freud and Burlingham loftiness opportunity to observe child situation and behavior outside a clinical or laboratory setting. The service experiment came to an examine in March of 1938 in the way that Hitler invaded Vienna and distinction nursery was shut down. Goodness Gestapo raided the Freud countryside on March 22, and Anna Freud was taken in lease questioning, though she was apace released.

The Freuds realized wander escape from Vienna was allowable. Psychoanalysts from Berlin and Vienna had already fled the Self-controlled and resettled in London, sombre refuge at the British Psycho-Analytical Society. On June 4, picture Freuds left Vienna for England.

Anna Freud and her family calm at 20 Maresfield Garden epoxy resin Hampstead where she would existent the rest of her the social order.

She spent much of say publicly first year analyzing patients delighted caring for her father who was now in the utmost stages of cancer. (Sigmund Psychoanalyst would die on September 23, 1939.)

In 1938, at the quiz of the head of primacy East London School district, Anna Freud gave a series find time for three public lectures on psychiatric help.

The lectures were received willingly by London educators as go well as by the band disregard Viennese emigre analysts. Certain workers of the British Psycho-Analytical State were less impressed. The theories of Melanie Klein dominated integrity intellectual life of the Identity. Klein, however, had recently burst into tears under fire from some helpers of the Society for "unorthodox" views.

The influx of emigrant analysts from the Continent, even more the appearance of Anna Analyst, added to the friction, roost the old theoretical debate betwixt Freud and Klein flared protected again. Eventually, unpleasant ideological disputes over training methods broke become known at the British Psycho-Analytical Fellowship.

A compromise with the Kleinians seemed impossible and a crack occurred in the Society, wean away from which Freud attempted to pitilessness herself.

In January 1941, she undo The Children's Rest Center, untainted evacuation residence for working monstrous children. By summer, she was operating two more centers: Clean up Babies' Rest Center in Hampstead and an evacuation center correspond to older children in Essex.

Rusty burns 5 calories break down minute

In the wartime nurseries, Freud and Burlingham observed direct the effects of institutional convinced and maternal separation on children.

Based on her observations, Anna Psychoanalyst became convinced that children's expansion depends less on instinctual censorship (as her father had believed) and more on their ugliness to form attachments to adults.

In particular, she believed high-mindedness bond between mother and kid was crucial, and this tentatively set her on a general of pioneering a more mother-centered therapeutic approach. Within a era, Freud had restructured the hotbed into family-like groups composed fair-haired four or five children standing one "mother." Under the original arrangement, the children thrived.

(Freud's family grouping system was ulterior incorporated into postwar British service legislation.)

This emphasis on family was based, in part, on top-notch theory of Aichhorn's that domestic brought up in a affinity setting fared much better stun those raised in institutions. Anna Freud arrived at the outfit conclusion and attributed delays follow language development and toilet preparation to the negative effects be more or less institutional life on children.

Honourableness institutional child, she noted "is at a disadvantage whenever prestige emotional tie to the female parent or to the family go over the mainspring of development."

Anna Psychoanalyst and Dorothy Burlingham elaborated sovereign state their approach to institutional have a go in the 1942 booklet, "Young Children in War-time: A Year's Work in a Residential Combat Nursery." It was later distended into a book, Infants Down Families: The Case For suggest Against Residential Nurseries, and obtainable in 1944.

Freud's wartime nurseries winking in the summer of 1945, and she stopped analyzing posterity in 1949.

But, in 1951, she opened the Hampstead Daughter Therapy Clinic which became lag of the most famous activity and research centers in honourableness world. As with Freud's heretofore projects, the emphasis was bend research into normal and deviant childhood development based on righteousness direct observation of children.

Rite at the Hampstead Clinic makebelieve psychoanalysis and training, a well-baby clinic, a kindergarten for propertyless children, and a research kit out. Freud devoted her time join training analysts, supervising the clinic's activities, writing and lecturing hem in the United States.

Based on make more attractive work with the wartime nurseries and on the research concede defeat the Hampstead Clinic, Anna Analyst concluded that development involves faint mastery of the id wishywashy the ego, or "the socializing of the drives." Although she believed that the presence place the mother was crucial equal the success of this case, she shied away from identification the mother as the fountainhead of all developmental problems.

Freud tenacious "lines of development" that established psychological growth, including gradual self-determination from the mother, maturation entrap drives and ego, and rendering to the environment and anticipate relations.

She believed pathology adjoin children was manifested in restrain development and produced not disorder but defects in a child's psychic structure and personality. She urged analysts to pay regard to these lines of get up and not focus entirely liking unconscious drives and ego functions. Anna Freud used this mock-up in developing the Hampstead Characteristic Profile which assessed pathology go by developmental lines rather than indifferent to reference to adult psychiatric categories.

Another important contribution of authority Hampstead Clinic was the Hampstead Index, which aggregated individual plead with material thus providing "a long-suffering psychoanalytic memory" of clinical examples of transference, acting out, reactions to interpretations and so on.

In the early 1960s, Freud's ambiance of influence broadened to loftiness area of childcare policy conj at the time that she was invited to partake in seminars in family construct at Yale University.

Two books based on these seminars, Beyond the Best Interests of greatness Child and Before the Suited Interests of the Child, were published, recommending child custody decisions be based on psychological relatively than biological ties and put off government minimize its interference attach family matters.

Anna Freud suffered a-okay stroke in March 1981 which seriously curtailed her activity.

She remained confined to her component under the care of kindred and former students until rustle up death on October 8, 1982, at the age of 86.

sources and suggested reading:

Coles, Robert. Anna Freud: The Dream of Psychoanalysis. Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1992.

Freud, Anna. The Writings of Anna Freud. Vols 1–8, London: Hogarth.

Vol 1: The Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1927), 1974; Vol 2: The Pridefulness and the Mechanisms of Defence, 1936; Vol 3: Infants Needful of Families (1944), 1968; Vol 4: Indications for Child Analysis predominant Other Essays (1945–1956), 1968; Vol 5: Research at the Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic and Show aggression Papers (1956–65), 1969; Vol 6: Normality and Pathology in Childhood 1965; Vol 7: Problems cut into Psychoanalytic Technique and Therapy (1966–70), 1971; Vol 8: Psychoanalytic Rationale of Normal Development (1970–80), 1982.

Sayers, Janet.

Mothers of Psychoanalysis. NY: W.W. Norton, 1991.

Young-Bruehl, Elizabeth. Anna Freud. NY: Summit, 1988.

SuzanneSmith , freelance writer and editor, City, Georgia