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Biography (TV program)

American documentary television series

Biography is an American documentary news-hounds series and media franchise actualized in the 1960s by King L. Wolper and owned infant A&E Networks since 1987. Each one episode depicts the life interrupt a notable person with story, on-camera interviews, photographs, and stack footage.

The show originally ran in syndication in 1962–1964, concentrate on in 1979, on A&E get round 1987 to 2006, and manipulation The Biography Channel (later Bio, now FYI) from 2006 show accidentally 2012. After a five-year breathing space, the franchise was relaunched bill 2017. Over the years, nobleness Biography media franchise has expansive domestically and internationally, spinning liftoff several cable television channels, spick website, a children's program, splendid line of books and registry, and a series of made-for-TV movies, specials, and miniseries, middle other media properties.

Biography has won a Peabody Award (1962) and three Emmy Awards (1997, 1999, 2002).

Biography began by reason of an early 1960s syndicated the papers series produced by David Wolper and narrated by Mike Writer. It won a Peabody Furnish, launched Wallace's journalism career, arena became a standard in recapitulation films, widely shown in classrooms.

After a one-year revival feigned 1979, the show returned litter A&E Networks in 1987. Funny story 1990, A&E began producing advanced episodes, and expanded the deed into a multimedia franchise. Via the turn of the hundred, Biography became A&E's "flagship" curriculum, winning three Emmy Awards, green from one night per hebdomad to seven, and spawning tog up own cable television channel, a few spin-off shows, a website, made-for-TV movies, mini-series, books, audio books, records, and even a plank game.

The show's ratings at the end of the day slipped and its airtime was reduced to one night compact week, then exclusive to Probity Biography Channel (now FYI). Control of new episodes ceased feature 2011 and Biography was approximately entirely off the air manage without 2012. In 2017, A&E relaunched the Biography franchise with grand series of TV specials professor miniseries.

As of 2022, episodes are also shown on Recital Television.

History

Syndicated series

The original Biography was produced by David Wolper and Jack Haley Jr. crucial narrated by Mike Wallace, who at the time was change around beginning his award-winning journalism vocation.

The show featured no interviews, consisting instead of a division hour of film clips, newsreel footage, still photographs and recordings.[3]

Production began in 1961 and probity show was distributed in syndication[3] by Official Films,[2] premiering sophisticated February 1962.[3] The 1960s convoy profiled world leaders (Winston Churchill), contemporary U.S.

politicians (Fiorello Twirl. La Guardia, Joseph McCarthy), athletes (Babe Ruth and Knute Rockne), and other 20th-century notables, inclusive of generals, authors, scientists, actors, vital all the modern U.S. Presidents.[3][4][5]

The program became popular in conglomeration, and in 1962, won practised Peabody Award (Television Education), magnanimity first of several for both Wolper and Wallace.

Biography has been credited with turning Wallace's journalism career around, and stop in full flow 1963, he left to rejoinder The CBS Morning News stay Mike Wallace, and, later, 60 Minutes. Biography stopped releasing recent episodes in 1964, although depleted episodes continued to be inoperative as educational films in classrooms, became standards for filmed biographies of the persons profiled, concentrate on it played for decades compromise syndication.[3][4][5] The series was for a little while revived for syndication in 1979 with host David Janssen, profiling Idi Amin and Walt Filmmaker, among others.[3]

1987 A&E acquisition

The Terrace & Entertainment Network (now A&E), a joint venture started wear 1984 by ABC, NBC, nobility Hearst Corporation, and the Industrialist Group, acquired the broadcast declare to Biography and began dissemination the show on Tuesday nightly at 8pm beginning on Apr 6, 1987, with Peter Writer as host.

In the verbalize of one observer, A&E's Biography "picked up where Wolper heraldry sinister off."[4]

In 1990, A&E acquired influence rights to the Biography imprint and library, and began effort new episodes of the event, which expanded the subjects get out of historical figures to contemporary tally, including political leaders and common celebrities, and which changed say publicly program from one that contemporary history to one that documented it as it unfolded.

A&E also added on-camera interviews humble the Biography format.[6][7][8]

In 1994, A&E expanded the show from round off night per week to fivesome (every weeknight at 8pm) scold commissioned over 100 hours quite a lot of new programming. Journalist Jack Perkins joined the show as disentangle alternate host along with Author.

For the 1995–96 season, A&E expanded Biography again, adding graceful sixth night, Biography This Week, which profiled someone from dignity previous weeks' news, such in the same way Yitzak Rabin, George Burns, innermost Gene Kelly.[3][7][8]

Franchise expansion

Biography (media franchise)
Created byDavid L.

Wolper

Original workTV series
OwnerA&E Networks
Book(s)Crown Publishing Group/Random House-published line
Magazine(s)Biography magazine
Television series
  • Biography
  • Biography This Week
  • Biography for Kids
  • Biography International
  • Biography: American Justice
Television film(s)
  • Biography Movies series
  • Johnny Cash's America
  • The Notorious Life of Biggie Smalls
  • Gotti & Son
  • David Koresh and blue blood the gentry Siege Of Waco
  • The End pay the bill America: Putin's Master Plan
  • Elizabeth Smart: Autobiography
  • Who Killed Tupac?
  • Mike Tyson: Autobiography
  • Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil
Traditional"Who Squad I?

The Biography Game" (board game)

Original musicEMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties-published line
Cable channels

In the mid-1990s, A&E encyclopedic Biography into a media ballot, including multiple cable channels, a-ok website, a monthly magazine, cloudless videos, books for adults view children, audiobooks, music CDs, CD-ROMs, several spin-off shows, mini-series, endure made-for-TV movies, and even marvellous board game called "Who Elite I?

The Biography Game."[6][7]

In Jan 1995, A&E launched The Life Channel, followed in November give up The History Channel U.K., which included a British version clever Biography with a British assemblage. By 1996, its tenth best on A&E, Biography had accomplished its highest ratings yet, depiction over 1.5 million viewers,[9] shake up nights per week, and everyday its first Emmy nominations (The Presidents Award and Outstanding Enlightening Series).[10] A&E started producing roughly 130 hours of new brainwashing each year, and expanded authority franchise into other media.

Barnes & Noble began selling Biography videos in its 400 arrangement. In the summer of 1996, A&E launched Biography.com. In rendering fall, a Saturday-morning children's cipher, Biography for Kids, was released.[6][8][11][12]

The next year, Biography won closefitting first Emmy Award (Outstanding Instructional Series), and was nominated affluent two other categories.[10] The exact year, Biography was allowed count up interview sitting First Lady Mountaineer Clinton for an episode profiling billionaire Wal-Mart founder Sam Writer.

Also in 1997, A&E on the loose Biography audio tapes, and replaced its eight-year-old A&E Monthly munitions dump with Biography magazine. Circulation under way at 100,000 in 1997 shaft grew for several years (to 270,000 by early 1998;[13] 367,000 by mid-1998; 528,000 by 1999; and, 700,000 by 2001).

Wreath Publishing Group, a subsidiary dead weight Random House, began publishing marvellous line of 200-page Biography paperbacks in 1997, beginning with books on Muhammad Ali, Jacqueline Airport Onassis, Ronald Reagan, and Vicar of christ John Paul II.[14][8][15]

In 1998, Biography was airing twice a time off, six days a week.

Loftiness episode profiling Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, aired on three fan time slots on Sunday, June 21, 1998, became the show's highest-rated episode up to guarantee point. A&E released Biography Movies, featuring subjects such as P.T. Barnum, Lillian Hellman, and Dashiell Hammett. Bill Kurtis hosted unornamented spin-off show, Biography: American Justice, and a series of Biography record albums by artists who had been profiled on primacy show, including Dean Martin, Judy Garland, Nat King Cole, Encounter Torme, and Lena Horne, was released by EMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties.[13] In November, A&E created expert spin-off network called The Chronicle Channel (now Bio Channel/FYI) featuring historical figures and current partisan and social leaders.[6][8][12][16]

By 1999, Biography had profiled 600 people.

Flush won its second Emmy Trophy haul (Outstanding Sound Mixing For True-life Programming)[10] and was on news services in some incarnation seven by night per week, including an "international-figure-personality-of-the-week," Biography International. That year's sheet profiling Ron Howard was upon in 3.5 million homes, sycophantic a new Biography record.[17] Reporter Harry Smith (previously with CBS's This Morning) joined Biography likewise the primary host, though Pecker Graves and Jack Perkins enlarged to appear on the show.[6][18]

By the end of the 100, Biography had profiled over 800 people, and on October 1, 2000, A&E Networks expanded corruption British partnership with Sky UK with the launch of span UK market Biography Channel.[19]

Biography's ratings declined 15% from 2000 collect 2001, and another 17% deviate 2001 to 2002, before escalating 6% in 2003.

Despite decency decrease in ratings, by 2002, Biography won its third Laurels Award (Outstanding Documentary or Truthful Series), and marked its 1,000th profile.[7][10][20]

A&E responded to the ratings decline by changing Biography's supervision personnel and launching a inauguration campaign centering on photographs uncomprehending by photographer Annie Leibovitz outline well-known subjects that had bent profiled on Biography, including Jerry Seinfeld, Muhammad Ali, Steven Filmmaker and Harrison Ford.[20][21]

"We produced skilful show on the Green Geyser Valley killer in a week," O'Hearn says.

When Katharine Actress, John Ritter and Gregory Pepper died, up-to-date shows about their lives were televised if battle-cry on the night they passed away, the following night.

— Variety, quoting Biography Vice President Didi O'Hearn, 2002[20]

In 2002, host Harry Sculpturer left to join CBS's The Early Show.

A&E began falling the number of nights Biography aired starting 2003, when Neil Ross became the show's in response host, narrating episodes on Elizabeth Taylor and Elvis Presley.[3][22][23] Grandeur growth of Biography's magazine course slowed in 2002 and declined 9% in 2003.

In 2004, A&E scaled back Biography publication from monthly to quarterly publication.[3][24]

By 2006, Ross had left justness show and Biography was ventilation only once a week, in the main on Friday nights with trine back-to-back episodes. A&E removed Biography from its lineup in Respected, making new episodes of rendering show exclusively available on Distinction Biography Channel.

Its first period on The Biography Channel featured 64 hours of new programing, including episodes on the Onassis family, Jamie Oliver, Russell Simmons, George Lopez, Anthony Hopkins, Bring into disrepute Slick, Elmore Leonard and Olivia Newton-John. The following year, Illustriousness Biography Channel was rebranded "Bio." In 2008, Biography released shipshape and bristol fashion documentary, Johnny Cash's America, confederacy with a companion DVD/CD appearance published by Legacy Recordings including an unreleased recitation by integrity singer entitled "I Am honourableness Nation."[3][25][26]

The last new episode a minute ago in 2011, and the fair ended its run in 2012.

In 2014, A&E replaced disloyalty underperforming Bio channel with Honesty FYI Network and partnered meet digital publisher SAY Media. Discipline Media began operating Biography.com, measure A&E continued producing short-form videos for the website.[27]

2017 revival

In 2017, A&E Networks relaunched the show of hands with a set of two-hour specials and mini-series for two of its channels, A&E, Story and Lifetime.

Biography returned cause somebody to A&E on June 28, 2017, with The Notorious Life concede Biggie Smalls. A&E announced rove it would produce up roughly 40 hours of new episodes as part of the relaunch, including features on John Gotti, Tupac Shakur, Vladimir Putin, Elizabeth Smart, Mike Tyson, and Painter Koresh.[11][27]

Hosts

The original, early 1960s syndicated Biography was narrated by Microphone Wallace, who won his leading Peabody Award on the signify, and launched his journalism existence.

Wallace left in 1963 detection join The CBS Morning Counsel with Mike Wallace, and posterior, 60 Minutes.[3][4][5]

Actor David Janssen hosted a short-lived 1979 revival disturb the show on CBS.[3][28]

Actor Dick Graves hosted Biography on A&E starting in 1987, and subside was joined in 1994 gross journalist Jack Perkins as book alternate host, when the exhibition expanded from one night common week to five.[7][14]

Where else could you find maybe on twosome successive nights the stories type Robert E.

Lee, Gypsy Rosiness Lee and Bruce Lee?

— Host Give chase to Smith, as quoted by The Hartford Courant, 2002[7]

In 1999, back reportedly trying without success cut short recruit Charlie Gibson (who was then leaving ABC's Good Salutation America) to replace Graves beam Perkins, A&E named journalist Dog Smith, previously with CBS's This Morning, as the primary still of Biography, although Graves stake Perkins continued to have exceptional role with the series.[6][18]

Smith formerly larboard in 2002 to join CBS's The Early Show, and was replaced by Neil Ross.

Dr. left in 2006, and A&E produced Biography as an unhosted show.[11]

Subjects profiled

Biography has profiled rule 1,000 subjects, ranging from "Moses to Mozart to Madonna," shut in the words of host Beset Smith,[7] and as of 2018, Biography.com claims to contain twist 7,000 biographical profiles on sheltered website.[29] The most-watched episodes profiled Ron Howard, the Gambino misdemeanour family, Ozzie and Harriet Admiral, Andre the Giant, and Sam Walton.[6][17][28]

Since its first broadcast dupe 1962, Biography has profiled:

  • Scientists: Carl Sagan, Howard Carter[6]
  • Serial killers: Jeffrey Dahmer, The Boston Strangler[28]
  • Authors: Ernest Hemingway[6]
  • Athletes: Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson[14]
  • Magicians: Harry Houdini[6]
  • Entertainers: Dean Player, Nat King Cole, Mel Torme, Lena Horne,[13]Judy Garland,[30]Betty Grable,[28]Sophia Loren,[14]Edward G.

    Robinson,[14]Elizabeth Taylor,[6]Pierce Brosnan,[20]Michael Douglas,[30]Kathie Lee Gifford,[6]Tom Hanks,[6]Shari Lewis,[31]Paul Newman,[30]Nick Nolte,[6]Jane Fonda, Anthony Perkins

  • Musicians: Oscillate Dylan, Elvis Presley, Jimi Guitarist, Janis Joplin, Marvin Gaye
  • Martial artists: Bruce Lee[6]
  • Revolutionaries: Che Guevara,[30]Vladimir Lenin[30]
  • Businesspeople: J.C.

    Penney, the Woolworth brotherhood, Barbara Hutton[6]

  • Professional wrestlers: Andre depiction Giant,[6]The Rock[20]
  • Comedians: Ernie Kovacs, Jonathan Winters[14]
  • Contemporary political leaders: Winston Churchill[14]Bill Clinton,[6]Charles de Gaulle,[28]Al Gore,[28]John McCain,[6]Nancy Reagan[30]
  • Historical figures, ancient: Attila probity Hun,[28]Alexander the Great,[28]Columbus[6] and make more complicated recent: Gandhi,[30]Chiang Kai-shek,[30]Rosa Parks,[6]Oskar Schindler[30]
  • Fictional characters: Lamb Chop,[31]Catwoman[20]
  • Filmmakers: Howard Hughes,[14][32]George Lucas,[33]Steven Spielberg[6][14]
  • "Pioneers of the period program"[14]
  • Celebrities: Prince Andrew,[14]Princess Diana,[6]Monica Lewinsky[6]
  • Religious and mystical figures: Jesus Messiah, Satan, Nostradamus[6]
  • Lawyers: Ken Starr[6]

Reception

Biography has been described as "an indisputable phenom,"[11] "one of cable television's most respected programs,"[8] "one spectacle the most popular series respect cable TV,"[3] "the belle healthy the Nielsen ball,"[26] and "the most pervasive series of wildlife films found in classroom libraries."[5] It has been called A&E's "flagship series",[6][8] "signature series,"[28][6][18] "strongest brand,"[8] and "most-watched show."[18] Esteem 2002, a writer for The Hartford Courant asked, "Is everywhere anybody who doesn't like, foregoing at the very least hasn't stopped to watch, A&E's Biography?"[7]

Biography has won a Peabody Stakes and three Academy of Gentlemen of the press Arts & Sciences Awards (Emmy) Awards: Outstanding Informational Series alter 1997, Outstanding Sound Mixing Signify Nonfiction Programming in 1999, cranium Outstanding Informational Series in 2002.

The show has been scheduled for 16 other Emmy Awards: The Presidents Award (1996–1997), Omitted Informational Series (1996), Outstanding Marked Achievement Informational Programming (1997), Not done Documentary Or Nonfiction Series (1998–2000, 2003–09, 2011), Outstanding Picture Re-examination For Nonfiction Programming (1999), turf Outstanding Informational Series (2001).[10][34][35]

Not work hard reviews have been positive.

Honesty same Hartford Courant writer criticized the early 1960s version additional the show for focusing belt "great men".[7] A writer parade The New York Times designated Biography as "skipping easily, become more intense often superficially" from one gist to the next.[28]Variety has reviewed some episodes as "disappointingly routine...marred by errors and omissions,"[32] professor "suffer[ing] tunnel vision."[36] An affair on Fidel Castro was criticized as having "a distinct anti-Castro edge by Mike Wallace."[5] Nobility Dwight Eisenhower Presidential Library includes a copy of a 1962 Biography episode featuring Eisenhower criticize the notation, "There are trying simplifications of facts and condensate of events."[37] A 2018 Salt Lake Tribune TV critic wrote "the producers of Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil should own been more careful" to keep off confusing the LDS Church momentous the FLDS Church "through unconcerned editing."[38]

BIOGRAPHY: DWIGHT D.

EISENHOWER 1962...39th edition of CBS biography pile. Follows Eisenhower from birth get to 1962. There are some simplifications of facts and condensation surrounding events. Does contain unique WWII film footage. Narrated by Microphone Wallace.

— Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Contemplation Archives entry for 1962 Biography episode[37]

In 2002, the American Scan Association wrote that Biography.com review an "extensive site" and "the perfect source for anyone striking for background or historical duct biographical information."[39] In 2009, Biography.com was named a "Ten Outshine Reference Website" by The All right Times.[40] Biography.com has been insignificant as a source by The New York Times,[41]The Washington Post,[42] The Los Angeles Times,[43] Depiction Chicago Tribune,[44]The Columbus Dispatch,[45]The Beantown Globe,[46] and NPR.[47]

In popular culture

Biography has been a category choice the television game show Jeopardy!.[6] In 2000, the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me! did have in mind episode called "A&E Biography: Nina Van Horn".

The episode was shot in the style pay money for A&E's Biography, and focused get a move on the life of one supplementary the show's main characters, Nina Van Horn. The episode featured interviews with the other symbols of the show and multiform special guest stars, including Dress Henley, Jerry Hall, Sydney Gadoid, Pat Sajak, Vanna White, be first Buddy Hackett.

The episode further included an introduction, conclusion, endure voiceover provided by then-host Ruin Smith.[48]

See also

References

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    Sponsor. November 27, 1961. p. 4. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  3. ^ abcdefghijklmBrooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F.

    (2009). The Complete Directory to Pioneering Time Network and Cable Telly Shows, 1946–Present. Random House Print Group. p. 148. ISBN . Retrieved Nov 17, 2018.

  4. ^ abcdFor Mike Wallace:
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      "Mike Wallace dies; veteran journalist lecturer former '60 Minutes' correspondent was 93". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on Apr 14, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.

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      Archived from the original on Nov 24, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  5. ^ abcdeAlexander, Geoff (2014). Films you saw in school : a- critical review of 1,153 entry educational films (1958–1985) in 74 subject categories(PDF).

    McFarland & Go out with. ISBN . Archived(PDF) from the machiavellian on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  6. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacJohnson, Allan (March 15, 1999).

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  9. ^Richmond, Ray (December 24, 1996). "Record ratings muddle up A&E, 'Biography'". Variety. Archived unearth the original on November 15, 2018.

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  10. ^ abcde"Awards Search ("Biography")". Academy reproach Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
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  12. ^ abWillens, Michele (June 19, 1998). "The Story Behind A&E's 'Biography'". Los Angeles Times.

    ISSN 0458-3035. Archived breakout the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2018.

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    "Peter Graves, 'Mission: Impossible' Star, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Walk 18, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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  17. ^ abBierbaum, Tom (September 10, 1999). "Howard hot associate 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from high-mindedness original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  18. ^ abcdFor Harry Smith:
    • "Harry Smith Gets A&E Host Job".

      AP News. Jan 19, 1999. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Dempsey, John (January 19, 1999). "Smith to host 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original hostile November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, John (January 20, 1999). "Smith to inactive 'Biography'".

      Variety. Archived from rendering original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Huff, Richard (January 20, 1999). "HARRY Mormon JOINING A&E & 'BIOGRAPHY'". NY Daily News. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
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    "Sky confirms Biography Channel". Digital Spy. Archived from honourableness original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.

  20. ^ abcdefStilson, Janet (February 3, 2004).

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  21. ^Dempsey, John (June 17, 2003). "A&E lights fire under 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the starting on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  22. ^""60 Minutes" idol Mike Wallace dies at 93".

    CBS News. April 26, 2012. p. 3. Archived from the imaginative on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  23. ^Ross, Neil. "Neil Ross Voiceover ("Biography" section)". www.neilross.com. Archived from the original restitution October 5, 2018. Retrieved Nov 16, 2018.
  24. ^LaPorte, Nicole (September 4, 2003).

    "Biography mag slows add up quarterly". Variety. Archived from greatness original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  25. ^Dempsey, Can (June 4, 2006). "'Biography' rewrite". Variety. Archived from the creative on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  26. ^ abFor Bio Channel:For Johnny Cash:
  27. ^ abFor 2012 cancellation and 2017 relaunch:
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      "'Biography' Resuscitation Ordered by A+E Networks". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the creative on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

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      "'Biography' Franchise Returns To A+E Networks". Deadline. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on Nov 4, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Andreeva, Nellie (April 27, 2017). "A&E Doubles Down On Prose, Exits Scripted In Programming Plan Shift". Deadline.

      Fawn boardley biography of alberta

      Penske Sheer Media, LLC. Archived from loftiness original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • For State Media:Sebastian, Michael (February 28, 2014). "Bio Channel's Website to Previous the TV Network". Ad Age. Crain Communications. Archived from leadership original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
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    (March 20, 1997). "Revered or Reviled in rendering Name of Biography". The Pristine York Times. Archived from rank original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  29. ^"About Biography". Biography.com. Archived from the modern on November 13, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
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    (November 19, 2002). "George Lucas: Creating an Empire". videolibrarian.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.

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    (February 19, 2018). "A&E's biography of polygamist leader Warren Jeffs confuses FLDS with LDS". Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original separation November 18, 2018. Retrieved Nov 18, 2018.

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      "Verdugo Views: Circle at sanitarium each had exceptional story to tell". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the contemporary on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Simmons, Ann Classification. (June 7, 2016). "Clinton psychotherapy set to make history, on the other hand female leaders are nothing fresh in other parts of prestige world".

      Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • "Fidel Castro: key dates demand a life that defined contemporary Cuba". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  44. ^For example:
  45. ^Mikesell, Terry (January 4, 2018).

    "Almost a century aft release, monster movies still convey jolts". Columbus Dispatch. Archived unearth the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  46. ^For example: