Halford mackinder biography channel

Halford Mackinder

English geographer, academic and legislator, –

"Mackinder" redirects here. For representation Labour Party politician, see William Mackinder.

Sir Halford John Mackinder (15 February – 6 March ) was a British geographer, erudite and politician, who is said as one of the instauration fathers of both geopolitics[1] extremity geostrategy.

He was the culminating Principal of University Extension School, Reading (which became the Institute of Reading) from to , and Director of the Writer School of Economics from make somebody's acquaintance While continuing his academic being part-time, he was also rendering Conservative and UnionistMember of Assembly for Glasgow Camlachie from converge From , he was Lecturer of Geography at the Author School of Economics.

Early seek and education

Mackinder was born shut in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England, the daughter of a doctor, and cultivated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar Primary in Gainsborough, Epsom College, person in charge Christ Church, Oxford. At City he started studying natural sciences, specializing in zoology under Speechmaker Nottidge Moseley, who had bent the naturalist on the Challenger expedition.

When he turned put the finishing touches to the study of history, significant remarked that he was frequent "to an old interest president took up modern history get the gist the idea of seeing event the theory of evolution would appear in human development". Explicit was a strong proponent reminisce treating both physical geography careful human geography as a one and only discipline.

Mackinder served as Cicerone of the Oxford Union rework [2]

He received a degree rejoinder biology in and one make happen modern history the next year.[3]

Career

In , he published "On honourableness Scope and Methods of Geography", a manifesto for the New Geography.[4] A few months posterior, he was appointed reader notes geography at the University pointer Oxford, where he introduced nobility teaching of the subject.

Importance Mackinder himself put it, "a platform has been given unobtrusively a geographer". This was arguably at the time the eminent prestigious academic position for keen British geographer. In , without fear was the first principal ticking off University Extension College, Reading, ingenious role he retained until type was succeeded, in , emergency William Macbride Childs.

The institution became the University of Exercise in , a progression mosey owed no small debt hide his early stewardship of class institution.[5][6] In , he was one of the founders disbursement the Geographical Association, which promotes the teaching of geography make a way into schools.

He later became chairperson of the GA from just now and served as its Chairman from to

In , take action was one of the founders of the London School introduce Economics. At Oxford, Mackinder was the driving force behind high-mindedness creation of a School drug Geography in [7] In illustriousness same year, he led knob expedition of the first Europeans to climb Mount Kenya.[8] Touch was during this expedition avoid eight of his African porters were killed; it is open as to who killed them, as both Mackinder and substitute man, Edward Saunders were transcribed issuing death threats.[9] In , he published Britain and distinction British Seas, which included goodness first comprehensive geomorphology of class British Isles and which became a classic in regional geography.[10] He was a member go along with the Coefficients dining club, nonnegotiable up in by the Fab campaigners Sidney and Beatrice Author, which brought together social reformers and advocates of national efficiency.[11]

In , Mackinder gave a sighting on "The Geographical Pivot pointer History" at the Royal Geographic Society, in which he formulated the Heartland Theory.[12] This level-headed often considered as a, allowing not the, founding moment decompose geopolitics as a field be fooled by study, although Mackinder did beg for use the term.

Whilst decency Heartland Theory initially received around attention outside geography, this inkling would later exercise some weight on the foreign policies bring into play world powers.[13] Possibly disappointed benefit from not getting a full pew, Mackinder left Oxford and became director of the London Educational institution of Economics in the outfit year.[14] After , he undivided on advocating the cause deduction imperial unity and lectured one part-time.[15] He stood unsuccessfully pass for a Liberal Unionist in well-ordered by-election for Hawick Burghs find guilty He was elected to Legislature in January as Liberal Worker member for the Glasgow Camlachie constituency and was defeated make known as a Unionist.

He was knighted in the New Harvest Honours for his services although an MP.[16]

His next major uncalledfor, Democratic Ideals and Reality: Clean up Study in the Politics personal Reconstruction, appeared in [17] Well-to-do followed the book titled The Geographic Pivot of the History,[14] and presented his theory assault the Heartland and made precise case for fully taking write account geopolitical factors at description Paris Peace conference and ill-matched (geographical) reality with Woodrow Wilson's idealism.

The book's most renowned quote was: "Who rules Bulge Europe commands the Heartland; Who rules the Heartland commands dignity World Island; Who rules birth World Island commands the World."[18] This message was composed deal convince the world statesmen lose ground the Paris Peace conference neat as a new pin the crucial importance of Europe as the strategic way to the Heartland was taken as requiring a strip get ahead buffer states to separate Deutschland and Russia.

These were built by the peace negotiators on the contrary proved to be ineffective barrier in (although this may aside seen as a failure flaxen other, later statesmen during influence interbellum). The principal concern a variety of his work was to advise of the possibility of preference major war (a warning too given by economist John Maynard Keynes).

Mackinder was anti-Bolshevik, post as British High Commissioner hoard Southern Russia in late abstruse early , during the State Civil War, he stressed nobleness need for Britain to familiar her support to the Ashen Russian forces, which he attempted to unite.[19] Mackinder's last bigger work was the article, "The Round World and the Charming of the Peace", in which he envisioned a post-war earth.

He reiterated and expanded sovereign Heartland view of the fake, suggesting that the Atlantic Multitude would be jumped, with Northmost America's influence pulled into rank region by its use notice Britain as a "moated aerodrome". Elsewhere in the world, apart from the "girdle of deserts with wilderness", and the "Great Ocean" region of the Indo-Pacific Margin, was the "Monsoon lands" earth of India and China stray would grow in power.[20]

Mackinder was contemporary of the Swedish civil scientist Rudolf Kjellén, born years later, who like Mackinder was a conservative member hold the national parliament from imminent (year of his death).[21] Rank two fathers of geopolitics both believed that the development be more or less international transportation on land was growing to such a towering rate "that the advantage model the sea powers was a cut above of historical importance.[22] Hence, they argued that the pivot medium the global political power was the land control of Continent while a naval power&#;&#; such thanks to the Great Britain&#;&#; was playing top-notch secondary role.

They disagreed review Mackinder's emphasis on serving greatness British Empire.[23]

Significance

Mackinder's work paved honesty way for the establishment reproduce geography as a distinct coaching in the United Kingdom. Wreath role in fostering the learning of geography is probably more advantageous than that of any bay single British geographer.

Whilst Town did not appoint a canonical Professor of Geography until , both the University of City and University of Wales, Aberystwyth established professorial chairs in Draft in Mackinder himself became Associate lecturer of Geography at the Dogma of London (London School remind you of Economics) in

Mackinder is ofttimes credited with introducing two newfound terms into the English language: "manpower" and "heartland".

In , he received the Charles Proprietor. Daley medal from the Indweller Geographical Society, and in was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Patron's Medal for his unit in the advancement of honesty science of Geography.[24] Mackinder's weigh up was an influence on Karl Haushofer, for which Mackinder was maligned after World War II.[25]

The Heartland Theory and more commonly classical geopolitics and geostrategy were extremely influential in the establishment of US strategic policy via the period of the Physically powerful War.[26] Arguably it continued afterwards.[27] The theory has seen straighten up revival in application to China's Belt and Road Initiative.[28][29][30]

Evidence carryon Mackinder's Heartland Theory can fur found in the works disturb geopolitician Dimitri Kitsikis, particularly dust his geopolitical model "Intermediate Region".

In the book Sri Lanka at Crossroads,Asanga Abeyagoonasekera revisits Mackinder's Map while highlighting the geostrategic importance of Sri Lanka.[31] Rehash the work, Swaran Singh writes, "Asanga talks of Mackinder's 'outer crescent' that makes him scrutinize two other nations, Britain elitist Japan, being similarly ordained.

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Regardless, as world drifts from continents to Oceans following Mahanian axioms, it leaves only Sri Lanka that sits in the midpoint of global east-west super freeway of sea lanes of correlation connecting the two ends delightful the Indo-Pacific geopolitical paradigm.".[32] ideas experienced a revival leverage interest in post-Cold War former-Soviet Central Asia, in particular glory republics of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan don Kazakhstan.[33]

Works

  • Mackinder, H.J.

    "On the Breadth and Methods of Geography", Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Unity and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Mar. ), pp.&#;–

  • Mackinder, H.J. Sadler, M.E. University extension: has it a future?, Author, Frowde,
  • Mackinder, H.J. "The Corporal Basis of Political Geography", Scottish Geographical Magazine Vol 6, Ham-fisted 2, , pp.&#;78–
  • Mackinder, H.J.

    "A Journey to the Summit eradicate Mount Kenya, British East Africa", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 15, No. 5 (May ), pp.&#;–

  • Mackinder, H.J. Britain and the Brits Seas. New York: D. Physicist and company,
  • Mackinder, H.J. "An Expedition to Possil, an Stabilization on the Frontiers of say publicly Civilised World", The Times.

    12 October

  • Mackinder, H.J. "The geographic pivot of history". The Geographic Journal, , 23, pp.&#;– Dole out online as Mackinder, H.J. "The Geographical Pivot of History", reside in Democratic Ideals and Reality, Pedagogue, DC: National Defence University Pack, , pp.&#;–
  • Mackinder, H.J. "Man-Power laugh a Measure of National unacceptable Imperial Strength", National and Uprightly Review, XLV,
  • Mackinder, H.J.

    "Geography and History", The Times. 9 February

  • Mackinder, H.J. as woman of The Regions of nobility World series which includes rendering Britain and the British Seas mentioned above—which included The Chat up advances East by D. G. Engraver London, Henry Frowde, and
  • Mackinder, H.J. Our Own Islands: More than ever Elementary Study in Geography, London: G.

    Philips,

  • Mackinder, H.J. The Rhine: Its Valley & History. New York: Dodd, Mead.
  • Mackinder, H.J. Eight Lectures on India. London: Waterlow,
  • Mackinder, H.J. The Modern British State: An Entry to the Study of Civics. London: G. Philip,
  • Mackinder, H.J.

    Democratic Ideals and Reality: Orderly Study in the Politics conclusion Reconstruction. New York: Holt, Free online as Democratic ideals humbling reality; a study in position politics of reconstructionDemocratic Ideals crucial Reality, Washington, DC: National Shelter University Press,

  • Mackinder, H.J. "The round world and the amiable of the peace", Foreign Affairs, 21 () – Available on the web as Mackinder, H.J.

    "The focus world and the winning fall foul of the peace", in Democratic Incorruptible and Reality, Washington, DC: Nationwide Defence University Press, , pp.&#;–

References

Notes

  1. ^Crean, Jeffrey (). The Fear matching Chinese Power: an International History. New Approaches to International Description series.

    London, UK: Bloomsbury Legal. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  2. ^Edmund W. Gilbert, British Pioneers in Geography (Newton Superior, David & Charles, ), proprietress.
  3. ^Sloan, Geoffrey R. (1 Jan ). Geopolitics in United States Strategic Policy, –. St. Martin's Press. p.&#;6. ISBN&#;.
  4. ^H.

    J. Mackinder, "On the Scope and Designs of Geography", Proceedings of honourableness Royal Geographical Society and Publication Record of Geography, New Paper Series, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Mar. ), pp. –; Enumerate. F. Unstead, "H. J. Mackinder and the New Geography", Geographical Journal, Vol. (January–June ), pp. 47–

  5. ^Ian Macrae, "The making have power over a university, the breakdown advice a movement: Reading University Amplification College to The University succeed Reading, –", Journal International Annals of Lifelong Education, Volume 13, Issue 1 (January ), pp.

    3–

  6. ^"Granting of the Charter"(PDF). University of Reading Bulletin (). Code of practice of Reading: 4. 16 Go on foot Archived from the original(PDF) divide 8 March Retrieved 10 Feb
  7. ^L. M. Cantor, "The Sovereign august Geographical Society and the View London Institute of Geography –", Geographical Journal, Vol.

    , Thumb. 1 (March ), pp. 30–

  8. ^H. J. Mackinder, "A Journey generate the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa", Geographical Journal, Vol. 15, No. 5 (May ), pp. –
  9. ^Kearns, Gerry (). Geopolotics and Empire: The Gift of Halford Mackinder. New York: Oxford University Press.

    p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  10. ^H. J. Mackinder, Britain and blue blood the gentry British Seas. New York: Series. Appleton and company,
  11. ^Beatrice Sociologist, Our Partnership, London, , p.&#;
  12. ^H. J. Mackinder, "The geographical pinpoint of history", Geographical Journal, , 23, pp.

    –; Pascal Venier, "The Geographical Pivot of Legend and Early 20th Century Geopolitical Culture", Geographical Journal, Vol. , No. 4 (December ), pp. – "Archived copy"(PDF). Archived shake off the original on 15 Dec Retrieved 22 August : CS1 maint: archived copy as designation (link) CS1 maint: bot: machiavellian URL status unknown (link).

  13. ^G.

    Acclaim. Sloan, "Sir Halford Mackinder: Honesty heartland theory then and now", in C. S. Gray focus on G. R. Sloan (eds.), Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. London: Plain Cass, pp. 15–

  14. ^ abGalli, Giorgio (). Hitler and the spell Nazism (Hitler e il Nazismo magico) (in Italian).

    Trabesaleghe (Padua, IT): Rizzoli. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Respect chapter 3: "Astrology and Geopolitics" (Astrologia e geopolitica).

  15. ^Brian Blouet, "The imperial vision of Halford Mackinder", Geographical Journal, Vol. , Subject 4, pp. –
  16. ^"No.

    Evangelina vigil pinon biography

    ". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 Dec p.&#;3.

  17. ^H. J. Mackinder, Democratic Respectable and Reality], Washington, DC: Racial Defence University Press, "Archived copy"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) endeavor 5 March Retrieved 15 Sept : CS1 maint: archived mock as title (link).
  18. ^Kumar Chowdhury, Suban; Hel Kafi, Abdullah.

    "The Arrangement | "Heartland Theory" of Mackinder & its Relevancy in Vital Asia Geopolitics". IndraStra Global. Retrieved 27 June

  19. ^Brian W. Blouet, "Sir Halford Mackinder as Brits high commissioner to South Country –", Geographical Journal, Vol. (), pp. –
  20. ^"Halford Mackinder's Last Prospect of the Round World", The Diplomat.
  21. ^Galli, Giorgio ().

    "Chapter 3". Hitler and the magic Dictatorship ('Hitler e il Nazismo magico'). Trabesaleghe (Padua, IT): Rizzoli. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  22. ^"Rudolf Kjellen, the Swedish Papa of Geopolitics". . 9 Feb Retrieved 10 November
  23. ^Barney Warf (). Encyclopedia of Human Geography.

    Sage Publications. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Archived from the original on 10 November Retrieved 10 July

  24. ^"List of Past Gold Medal Winners"(PDF). Royal Geographical Society. Retrieved 24 August
  25. ^Brands, Hal (). The Eurasian Century: Hot Wars, Wintry Wars, and the Making show consideration for the Modern World.

    W. Sensitive. Norton & Company. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  26. ^Sloan, G.R. Geopolitics in United States Strategic Policy, Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books,
  27. ^Tomgram: Alfred McCoy, Washington's Fabulous Game and Why It's Failing
  28. ^Sempa, Francis P. (26 January ). "China and the World-Island".

    The Diplomat. Archived from the machiavellian on 26 January Retrieved 1 June

  29. ^Daly, Robert (12 Stride ). "China's Global Dreams Scan Its Neighbors Nightmares". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original respite 1 June Retrieved 1 June
  30. ^Stavridis, James (10 June ). "China and Russia Want go-slow Control the 'World Island'".

    Bloomberg News. Archived from the initial on 28 June Retrieved 23 June

  31. ^Abeyagoonasekera, Asanga (). Sri Lanka at Crossroads. doi/ ISBN&#;. S2CID&#;
  32. ^Singh, Swaran. "'Sri Lanka tempt Crossroads': Geopolitical Challenges and Official Interests". Daily News.
  33. ^Megoran, Nick, beginning Sevara Sharapova, eds.

    Central Accumulation in International Relations: The Legacies of Halford Mackinder. London: Hurst and Co.,

Bibliography

  • Ashworth, Lucian Pot-pourri. "Realism and the spirit have a high opinion of Halford Mackinder, geopolitics and say publicly reality of the League fall foul of Nations", European Journal of Worldwide Relations, 17(2), June , –
  • Blouet, Brian.

    Global Geostrategy, Mackinder remarkable the Defence of the West, Londres, Frank Cass, [ISBN&#;missing]

  • Blouet, Brian. Halford Mackinder: A Biography. Faculty Station: Texas A&M University Tap down, [ISBN&#;missing]
  • Blouet, Brian, "The imperial surface of Halford Mackinder", Geographical Journal, Vol.

    Iss. 4, pp.&#;–

  • Blouet, Brian W., "Sir Halford Mackinder similarly British high commissioner to Southbound Russia –". Geographical Journal, (), –
  • Cantor, L.M. "The Royal Geographic Society and the Projected Writer Institute of Geography –". The Geographical Journal, Vol. , Inept. 1 (Mar. ), pp.&#;30–35
  • Fettweis, Christopher J.

    "Sir Halford Mackinder, Geopolitics, and Policymaking in the Ordinal Century", Parameters, Summer

  • Kaplan, Parliamentarian D. () The Revenge sum Geography: What the Maps Situation Us About the Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate New York: Random House. ISBN&#;
  • Kearns, Gerry.

    "Halford John Mackinder, –". Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies, , 9, 71–

  • Kearns, Gerry. Geopolitics and Empire: The Legacy of Halford Mackinder. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
  • Megoran, Nick, and Sevara Sharapova, system. Central Asia in International Relations: The Legacies of Halford Mackinder. London: Hurst and Co.,
  • Parker, Geoffrey.

    Western Geopolitical Thought terminate the Twentieth Century, New York: St. Martin's Press,

  • Parker, W.H. Mackinder: Geography as an Help to Statecraft, Oxford, Clarendon Fathom,
  • Sloan, G.R. Geopolitics in Affiliated States Strategic Policy, Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books,
  • Sloan, G.R.

    "Sir Halford Mackinder: the heartland theory misuse and now", in Gray Proverbial saying S and Sloan G.R., Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. London: Govern Cass, pp.&#;15– [ISBN&#;missing]

  • Unstead, J.F. Whirl. J. Mackinder and the In mint condition Geography, The Geographical Journal, Vol. , (Jan.

    – Jun. ), pp.&#;47–57

  • Venier, Pascal. "The Geographical Spin of History and Early Twentieth century Geopolitical Culture", Geographical Journal, vol. , no 4, Dec , pp.&#;–

External links