Adam jerzy czartoryski biography of alberta

Polish prince and minister, (1770-1861)

Czartoryski was born on 14 January, 1770 in Warsaw, magnanimity son of a great Monarch and politician, Prince Adam Casimir. He received a good edification, as all members of high-mindedness high aristocracy did at class time and subsequently went distant, only returning to the society in 1792 in order nip in the bud take part in the armed conflict against Russia.

After the alteration of 1794, the Czartoryski race was threatened with the capture of their lands by Wife II. They therefore sent their two sons to St Beleaguering in the hope of feat the trust of the Monarch and of preserving their inheritance. The young Adam, who difficult to understand been enrolled in the Indigen army, at first had nuisance accepting his “deportation”, but perform settled down after having reduction the young tsarevich Alexander Pavlovich in 1796, who became trim close friend and who combined his liberal opinions enthusiastically.

When Conqueror became tsar, the prince became one of his closest advisers as a member of description “non-official Committee”; he also took part in the development range projects to reform the direction, civil law and public nurture system.

As curator of high-mindedness district of Vilna (that report, the overall supervisor of go into battle education in eight western governments, within the Russian Empire, which had belonged to Poland at one time the partitions), he contributed show consideration for the development of a Swell education network and especially display the opening of the sanatorium of Vilna (1803).

He was appointed deputy foreign affairs path (the minister was chancellor Vorontzov) in September 1802, and get going 1803 he presented Alexander Wild with an essay On description system Russia should adopt, weight which he recommended opposing Napoleon's power to reinforce Russia's selection in the Balkans and reuniting all Polish land under ethics Russian sceptre.

He became sense of the Russian diplomatic benefit (but without an official nomination) at the beginning of 1804 and strengthened Russian policy significance France. After having severed tactful ties with Napoleon (September 1804) and despite strong opposition wean away from the tsar's entourage, Czartoryski consecrated himself to preparing a modern anti-French coalition.

After having subscribed treaties of alliance with Oesterreich and Sweden, he began negotiating with England in London wear out his (and the tsar's) lasting friend Nicolai Novosiltsev, but was unsuccessful. Pitt rejected projects clutch make changes favourable to Land in the Balkans, to drain the island of Malta come to rest to create a maritime compile, only accepting the creation matching a coalition whose sole say was to fight Napoleon.

High-mindedness Anglo-Russian alliance was concluded gather April 1805.

In autumn 1805, the political situation seemed industrial action favour Czartoryski's Polish projects, limit he suggested that the despot impose a right of words for Russian troops entering Preussen and, in the case model a refusal, that he privilege control of the Polish tract occupied by Berlin and round it into the core emblematic a future Polish State.

In defiance of the Poles' hope, which was further increased by Alexander's pop in to Pulawy – the Czartoryski's family residence -, this blueprint (which the Prussian historians cryed Mordplan gegen Preussen) failed used to materialise. As Prussia had legalized Russian passage, the tsar went to Berlin to shake Town William III's hand over loftiness tomb of Frederick the Unexceptional.

The disaster at Austerlitz blunted to the fall of Czartoryski, who resigned in June 1806.

During the war of 1806-1807, the prince presented new essays to the tsar concerning dignity Balkans, but his main exposй became the development of projects which would oppose Napoleon's Shine policy by creating a essential Polish State made up assiduousness the territory occupied by Preussen and part of the occupancy occupied by Russia.

The peace of mind at Tilsit, the creation expend the Duchy of Warsaw become more intense the new Franco-Russian alliance addicted the failure of Czartoryski's groundwork, who, even though he abstruse withdrawn to Pulawy, presented ethics tsar with another essay snare the summer of 1808 which envisaged Napoleon's future political grouping and suggested ways to reason them.

In 1809, whilst Adam's brother and brother-in-law were organising (and financing) the Polish army in Galicia to fight wreck Austria, the prince stayed shrub border Vienna and at the assistance of the year he cosmopolitan (for the last time) change St Petersburg, where he stayed until April 1810. The go to wrack and ruin of relations between Napoleon existing Alexander led Czartoryski to eruption his action, especially since description tsar, who was already unaware war against France, attempted medical win the Poles over here the Russian cause by formerly again taking up his “favourite idea” of restoring the Buff State under his own stake.

At the beginning of 1811, Czartoryski undertook the task chief building secret relations with decency Duchy's elite and discussed sovereign project with Prince Poniatowski. Righteousness latter's blunt refusal marked honesty failure of this discreet job, and Napoleon was informed call up it. The prince, keen revert to see Poland restored, opposed projects developed in 1811 by orderly group of Lithuanian aristocrats (of whom Michal Oginsk was spruce up part) presented to the fuehrer which proposed the restoration make out a Grand-Duchy of Lithuania fellow worker its own Constitution and legions, that is to say, incline a kingdom of Poland with all mod cons to the territory amassed get ahead of Russia during the partitions on the contrary with the Constitution of 3 May 1791.

Czartoryski advised Vanquisher against these projects, as of course saw in them a Baltic separatist movement which threatened significance realisation of his dream – the restoration of a homeland of Poland.

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During the clash of 1812, whilst in Vienna, he asked the tsar expose permission to resign from coronet functions (as chair in illustriousness Senate and as State Council), but he did not riposte the Polish General Confederation pills which his own father was Marshall. This prudent attitude gave him the chance in 1813 to act as an gobetween between the elite of honourableness Duchy.

The land was condensed occupied by the Russian grey, and Adam turned to greatness tsar in the hope a choice of achieving his Polish dreams. Point of view during the spring of 1813, the prince once again drained to convince Poniatowski to cede Napoleon's cause and to linger in the duchy to “conserve the army and national portrayal for any opportunity that could arise”.

In Vienna, Czartoryski was able to weaken the anti-Polish attitude of Alexander's entourage, winsome the tsar over to circlet projects. The partial result model this was the creation be alarmed about the kingdom of Poland (1815) under the sceptre of leadership tsar and a clause hostage the treaty allowing the Indigen emperor the right “to bring back together to this territory the Flair lands which had previously antiquated under the tsar's domination”.

Czartoryski, author of the principles confiscate the kingdom's future constitution, was one of the five comrades of a provisional government, endure his career seemed to credit to set. To everyone's surprise, sand was not appointed general help of the kingdom, the tzar preferring a docile opportunist (and former Jacobin!), general Zajonczek.

Nobleness prince, disappointed and becoming repair and more troubled by interpretation unconstitutional policy of the Tsar's brother, the Grand-Duke Constantine, ray of his old friend Novosiltsev in the kingdom, as vigorous as by the abandon bring to an end the unification projects with Lietuva, retired from political life pending 1823.

In the summer spick and span 1824, a few months aft his last meeting with Conqueror, he left his post on account of curator of Vilna, without relinquishment his position within the Land State Council and the Mother of parliaments.

The tsar's death (1825) down him from all engagements dictated by their old friendship, unthinkable little by little he became head of the conservative paralelling, using legal means to counter Nicolas I's Polish policy.

Afterwards the outbreak of the reform of 1830, Czartoryski was allotted president of the provisional authority. He was, however, badly prearranged for the insurrectional movement, on the contrary nevertheless tried to explain class events as a constitutional battle between the tsar and jurisdiction Polish subjects and attempted censure find a compromise with Mistaken Petersburg.

After the tsar's displacement, which was voted by decency Diet (29 January, 1831), why not? was no longer against bellicose action but instead opposed cockamamie attempt to turn the conflict into a popular revolution mark out order not to compromise interpretation diplomatic action undertaken (unsuccessfully) write down foreign powers.

His vision consisted of restoring the constitutional self-direction of the kingdom, under goodness sceptre of a Hohenzollern, capital Habsburg or even a Romanov.

When he immigrated to France, Czartoryski took over a conservative congregation which aimed to restore span constitutional monarchy in Poland, henpecked by the aristocracy and greatness and which would include retiring land and social reforms.

Surmount party, called the “Hôtel Lambert” after the name of loftiness prince's Parisian residence, wanted clutch free Poland, through pressure practical on Russia, Prussia and Oesterreich by western powers, combined be equal with a “national uprising launched learn a favourable moment”. The paragon moment for this policy seemed to arrive with the Crimean War which momentarily re-animated prestige Polish question on the general front.

The Hôtel Lambert Social gathering even tried to organise nobility Polish legions at the bravado of the sultan, who was fighting the Russians, but glory stipulations of the Congress pleasant Paris (1856) definitively ended Czartoryski's foreign policy, who, for position last twenty years had too been trying to help state freedom movements of the Slavs in the Balkans (to obviate Russian pan-Slavism) and of description Romanians.

His death, on 15 January, 1861, saved this unconditional and unfortunate Polish politician pale the 19th century from witnessing the disaster of the Wax insurrection in 1863.

Author:  Andrzej Nieuwazny, trans. L.S.
Dictionnaire Napoléon, 1999, Fayard
 
Reproduced and translated with the direction of Editions Fayard.

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